【摘要】 作为全世界无产阶级领袖和导师的马克思、恩格斯极为关注社会发展及其动因。其对社会问题的阐释，由表及里、寻根究底，探寻与统治者歪曲并宣扬的全然不同的因果本质。马克思对小农属性的阐述，是认识底层大众的理论基石。普通小农把统治者的“好事”作为自己的“好事”,把统治者的“坏事”作为自己的“坏事”;他们不但是统治者为了一己利益的牺牲品，而且是统治阶层虔诚的赞美者。马克思主义史学兴起后，这种研究方法非常适合解释中国近代社会形态及其发展动因，不但可以重新审视主导和影响中国近代社会的传统认知，对资本、市场、企业、商人、私欲、边沁乃至社会形态、人类共同的精神产品等条分缕析，犀燃烛照，给予更加客观公允的历史论断，肯定其在历史上的作用，而且使作为被统治阶级的最广大的民众更加明了自己的利益所在，弄清自己的利益与统治者利益的区别，不再与统治者同是非、共命运。更多还原

【Abstract】 As leaders and mentors of the proletariat, Marx and Engels paid great attention to social development and its motivations. Their interpretation of social problems, from the surface to the inside, probed into the root, and explored the completely different causal essence from what was distorted and propagated by the rulers. Marx’s explanation of the nature of small farmers is the theoretical cornerstone for understanding the grassroots masses. Small farmers regard the “good things” of the rulers as their own “good things” and the “bad things” of the rulers as their own “bad things”; they are both victims from the rulers’ pursuit of their own interests and devout admirers of the ruling class. After the rise of Marxist historiography, this research method is very suitable for explaining the social form of modern China and its development motivations. It can not only re-examine the major policies and mainstream values that dominate and influence modern Chinese society, but also analyze capital, market, enterprises, businessmen, selfish desires, Bentham and even social forms, and the common spiritual products of mankind in detail, and give more objective and fair historical judgments, affirming their role in history; and it also enables the vast majority of the people, as the ruled class, to better understand their own interests, clarify the difference between their own interests and the interests of the rulers, and no longer share the same judgment and fate with the rulers.更多还原