【摘要】 变体飞行器突破了传统固定构型限制，是飞行器发展的重要方向之一，核心在于通过机体构型调整达到多种服役环境的气动外形，以大幅提升飞行器性能。变体飞行器历经多年发展，在技术与应用层面呈现以下特征：变形方式从刚性/离散向柔性/连续转变；飞行速度从低速向高速扩展；飞行环境由单一介质向跨介质拓展；活动范围从单一空域延展至空天多域。其中，变体能力是其核心，关键技术涵盖蒙皮、支撑结构与驱动系统。蒙皮技术从刚性蒙皮向柔性蒙皮演进，从早期采用的金属蒙皮，到如今发展出的复合材料蒙皮、基于形状记忆聚合物及压电响应材料等智能蒙皮、多介质适配重构蒙皮、防隔热–可变形蒙皮等柔性蒙皮体系，不仅赋予表面自适应变形能力，且可维持机体表面的连续性。结构设计正从铰链式机构到连续变形结构转变，柔性变形可实现大角度气动面调整，而连续变形结构不仅具备大变形能力，且能在保持机体连续的前提下实现气动外形的匹配，配合空间展开机构使飞行器具备水下航行与空中飞行的多介质切换能力。变体飞行器驱动系统由传统电机–液压作动向智能驱动跃迁，通过介电弹性体、压电叠堆驱动器、形状记忆合金等驱动单元集成实现主动形变。本文梳理了无人机、跨介质飞行器、民用客机及空天飞行器的变体形式及其可变形结构的研究进展，并在此基础上展望了未来发展方向与面临的主要挑战，为变体飞行器技术的创新研究提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Morphing aircraft,overcoming the limitations of traditional fixed configurations,represents a critical direction in aircraft development.Their core principle lies in adjusting the airframe configuration to achieve optimal aerodynamic profiles for diverse operational environments,thereby significantly enhancing flight performance.After years of development,morphing aircraft exhibits the following characteristics:(1) Evolution from rigid deformation to flexible continuous deformation;(2) Progression from low-speed to high-speed applications;(3) Transition from single-medium to cross-medium flight;(4) Expansion of operational domains from singular airspace to integrated airspace domains.Deformable structures constitute a key enabling technology for morphing aircraft,primarily encompassing skins,supporting structures,and actuation systems.Skin technology has evolved from rigid to flexible skins.Moving beyond the initially employed metal skins,contemporary developments include composite material skins,smart skins based on shape memory polymers and piezoelectric responsive materials,multi-medium adaptive reconfigurable skins,and thermal protectiondeformable integrated skins.This flexible skin system not only grants adaptive surface deformation capabilities but also maintains the continuity of the airframe surface.Structural design is shifting from hinge-based mechanisms towards continuous deformation structures.Hinge-based wing morphing systems enable large-angle adjustments of acrodynamic surfaces.In contrast,continuous deformation structures not only possess substantial deformation capacity but also achieve precise aerodynamic profile matching while preserving airframe continuity.This capability,coupled with space deployment mechanisms,enables multi-medium transition capabilities,such as switching between underwater navigation and aerial flight.Actuation systems for morphing aircraft are transitioning from traditional motor-hydraulic actuators towards smart actuation,realized through the integration of active deformation units like dielectric elastomers,piezoelectric stack actuators,and shape memory alloys.This paper reviews the morphing configurations and research progress on deformable structures,focusing on their applications in unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),cross-medium vehicles,civil airliners,and aerospace vehicles.Building on this foundation,it outlines future development directions and primary challenges,aiming to provide a reference for innovative research in morphing aircraft technology.更多还原