【摘要】 气体放电等离子体作为电气装备与高能量密度物理的科学基础，在构建清洁能源体系与推动前沿技术发展中具有重要研究价值。针对气体开关电弧与脉冲放电等离子体在科学内涵与技术路径上的继承性与拓展性，重点综述了两者在基础理论方面的突破及其前沿应用进展。一方面，针对全球范围SF₆替代的迫切需求，以C₄F₇N等为代表的新型环保气体介质研究已取得了显著进展；另一方面，结合开关电弧高能流密度和快速瞬态放电的特点，电弧等离子体的研究已进一步拓展至脉冲放电领域，并在一些新兴交叉学科中取得了重要突破。其中如用于核工业与页岩油检测的LIBS技术、基于水中脉冲放电的电能-冲击波转化理论、诊断瞬态过程的X射线闪光照相方法等，均已在工业领域取得初步应用。未来发展则仍有待深入聚焦电弧特性智能调控、多场多介质联合模拟以及极端条件瞬态诊断等，进一步推动高端电气装备和先进能源等领域的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Gaseous discharge plasma underpins the development of next-generation power systems and high energy density physics, which is of strategic importance for clean energy and advanced technology applications. This review focuses on the scientific continuity and technological evolution of switching arcs and pulsed discharge plasmas, highlighting recent theoretical advances and emerging applications. On one hand, driven by the global need to replace SF₆, notable progress has been made in eco-friendly gases such as C₄F₇N. On the other hand, the study of arc plasmas, characterized by high energy flux and rapid transients, has expanded into pulsed discharge regimes, yielding breakthroughs across interdisciplinary fields. Applications, such as LIBS for nuclear and shale oil detection, underwater pulsed discharge for energy conversion, and X-ray flash imaging for transient process diagnostics, have seen early industrial adoption. Future efforts should focus on intelligent arc control, multiphysics simulations, and transient diagnostics under extreme conditions to enable broader use in different fields including advanced power equipment and energies.更多还原