【摘要】 近红外二区b窗口（NIR-Ⅱb,1 500～1 700 nm）荧光具有深层组织穿透能力、低散射特性及高信噪比的优点，尤其是能够抑制组织自发荧光和光子散射，将空间分辨率与信噪比提升至新高度，已成为生物成像的研究焦点。以镧系元素为核心成分的稀土发光纳米晶得益于其特有的4f电子跃迁特性，可作为一类独特的光学探针，在近红外光激发下通过上转换/下转移发光机制产生窄带发射，并具备毫秒级长寿命发光特性，为NIR-Ⅱb成像提供了理想选择。近年来，研究者通过能级工程与表面修饰策略，成功赋予该类纳米晶体光动力治疗及免疫治疗的协同肿瘤治疗功能，推动诊疗一体化成为治疗肿瘤的新范式。本文系统综述NIR-Ⅱb稀土发光纳米晶在生物成像与肿瘤治疗中的突破性进展，以期为未来研究提供新思路。更多还原

【Abstract】 Near-infrared-Ⅱb(NIR-Ⅱb) fluorescence exhibits exceptional deep-tissue penetration, low scattering characteristics, and a high signal-to-noise ratio. By effectively suppressing tissue autofluorescence and photon scattering, NIR-Ⅱb fluorescence has achieved unprecedented spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio, thereby emerging as a research frontier in precision medical imaging. Rare-earth luminescent nanocrystals with lanthanide elements as core components, serving as unique optical probes, leverage the distinctive 4f electronic transitions to generate narrowband emission through upconversion/downconversion luminescence mechanisms under near-infrared excitation. Their millisecond-scale luminescence lifetime further establishes them as an ideal solution for NIR-Ⅱb imaging. Recent advances in energy-level engineering and surface modification strategies have successfully integrated multifunctional therapeutic capabilities, including photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy, establishing integrated theranostics as an innovative paradigm in tumor treatment. This review systematically summarizes groundbreaking progress in NIR-Ⅱb-emitting rare-earth nanocrystals for biomedical imaging and oncotherapy, aiming to inspire innovative research directions for next-generation precision medicine.更多还原