【摘要】 基础学科拔尖创新人才培养，是我国教育强国战略的重要落点之一。当前全球竞争本质上是顶尖人才之争，推动教育、科技、人才一体化发展，构建高质量的基础学科拔尖创新人才培养体系，已成为实现国家高水平科技自立自强的必由之路。基于中美人才实力、学术成果、创新转化等3个维度的比较研究发现：近年来我国基础学科研究人员规模与论文产出总量增长迅速，但人才质量、成果影响力和产业引领力仍与美国存在显著差距。深入剖析显示，中美人才培养模式存在系统性差异：政策导向上，美国呈现由社会需求驱动的演进特征，我国则以国家战略为主导；选拔机制上，美国侧重“综合识才”，我国强调“公平筛选”；培养体系上，美国模式相对成熟完备，我国仍处于试点探索阶段；评价方式上，美国注重过程性评价，我国依赖绩点量化；培养链条上，美国与社会系统良性互动，我国体系相对独立。为有效提升我国基础学科拔尖创新人才培养成效，研究提出四大转变：从“选育”到“孕育”的范式转型；从“筛选人才”到“孕育人才”的目标转变；从“单一通道”到“多元指引”的过程转变；从“阶段培养”到“终身成长”的周期转变。在此基础上，围绕选拔模式、培养模式、评价模式提出优化路径。更多还原

【Abstract】 The cultivation of top-tier innovative talents in fundamental disciplines is a crucial manifestation of China’s strategy to build a strong education nation. In today’s global landscape, competition is fundamentally about securing elite talent. To achieve high-level technological self-reliance, it has become imperative to promote integrated development across education, sci-ence, and talent cultivation, and to establish a high-quality system for nurturing exceptional in-novators in foundational disciplines. As the Sino-US rivalry intensifies and technological compe-tition escalates, the focus of competition between the two nations has shifted from trade to sci-ence and technology. By comparing the development gaps in fundamental discipline talent culti-vation between China and the U.S. and analyzing the differences in their training models, we can enhance the effectiveness of China’s talent development and build a "reservoir" for scientific and technological innovation.The comparative study of talent strength, academic achievement, and innovation transforma-tion between China and the United States shows that the scale of basic science researchers and the total output of papers in China have increased rapidly in recent years. However, there is still a significant gap between China and the United States in terms of talent quality, achievement in-fluence, and industrial leadership.A comparative analysis of exemplary cases from both countries reveals systematic differ-ences in their talent development models.(1)Policy orientation: The U.S. model evolves driven by societal needs, while China’s is strategically guided by national priorities;(2)Selection mecha-nisms: The U.S. emphasizes "comprehensive talent evaluation", whereas China prioritizes "fair screening";(3)Training systems: The U.S. model is relatively mature and well-established, while China remains in the pilot exploration phase;(4) Evaluation methods: The U. S. focuses on process-oriented assessment, while China relies on quantitative academic performance metrics;(5) Training ecosystems: The U. S. emphasizes positive interaction with social systems, while China’s system operates relatively independently.To effectively enhance the cultivation of top-tier innovative talents in China’s basic disci-plines, it is imperative to shift from "selection and cultivation" to "nurturing". This requires achieving three fundamental transformations: in terms of objectives, shifting from "selecting tal-ents" to "nurturing talents"; in terms of processes, transitioning from "single pathways" to "diverse guidance"; and in terms of cycles, moving from "phased cultivation" to "lifelong growth". Based on China’s educational realities, this paper proposes specific directions for upgrading the cultivation model: in terms of selection, strengthening multidimensional evaluation and early identification; in terms of cultivation, emphasizing tailored teaching and interest-driven guid-ance; and in terms of evaluation, reflecting comprehensive assessment and appropriate tolerance for errors. The corresponding systematic path choices include:(1)deepening the understanding of underlying principles and providing stable guarantees through strengthened institutional legisla-tion for top-tier innovative talents;(2) improving the cultivation chain by establishing a long-term, sustainable development mechanism that connects primary, secondary, and higher educa-tion;(3)focusing on integrating the education chain, talent chain, industrial chain, and innovation chain to promote their deep integration, thereby enhancing the conditions for talent cultivation and ultimately building a talent cultivation ecosystem with Chinese characteristics that supports high-level technological self-reliance and strength.更多还原