【摘要】 随着便携式电子设备、可穿戴技术以及环境与生物传感系统的快速发展,对高效、稳定、便携化能源器件与传感器件的需求日益迫切.提升这些器件的催化性能、传感灵敏度与实际应用的可靠性已成为材料化学与能源工程领域的重要研究方向.其中,单原子催化剂具备最大化的原子利用率以及可调控的电子结构,展现出优异的催化和传感性能,成为推动便携式能源器件(如金属空气电池、燃料电池)与高性能传感器技术革新的关键材料.此外,单原子催化剂结构清晰、易于模型构造,便于结合密度泛函理论计算与先进表征手段,能够更准确地研究反应机理并指导性能优化.然而,现有关于单原子催化剂的综述多集中于某一类便携式器件,缺乏对其在多类便携式能源与传感器应用中所面临共性挑战与发展前景的系统性分析.针对这一不足,本文系统综述了单原子催化剂在便携式锌空气电池、质子交换膜燃料电池与传感技术中的研究现状,深入探讨其应用前景、关键挑战与未来发展趋势.首先,介绍了便携式锌空气电池的基本反应机理,并系统分析了关键材料的柔性化改进策略,包括阴极催化剂、电解质以及阳极锌片的性能优化;同时,梳理了一维线缆型、二维平面型与三维层状型等多种柔性电池结构的发展路径.随后,围绕质子交换膜燃料电池的阴极氧还原反应催化机制,阐述了气体扩散层、双极板和质子交换膜等柔性功能材料的设计思路,以及柔性化、轻量化与管状等新型电池结构的集成策略.接着,聚焦单原子催化剂在便携式传感器领域的应用,详细总结了其在气敏、湿敏等多类型传感器中的催化增强机制与优化路径.最后,指出当前单原子催化剂在便携式锌空气电池、质子交换膜燃料电池和传感器中的应用仍面临诸多挑战,包括可控合成难度大、结构稳定性差、成本高昂以及在柔性器件中的集成过程复杂等问题.为应对上述挑战,未来研究将着重于非贵金属单原子催化剂的高效设计、柔性结构与器件的一体化构建,以及人工智能与机器学习辅助的高通量筛选与性能预测,为其在可穿戴电子、便携式能源系统与智能传感领域的实际应用奠定理论基础与工程支撑.更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid advancement of portable energy devices and sensor technologies, enhancing their catalytic performance, sensing capabilities, and application reliability has become a critical challenge in the fields of materials and energy science. Single-atom catalysts(SACs), owing to their high atomic utilization, outstanding catalytic activity, and precisely engineered structures enabled by density functional theory and enhanced by artificial intelligence, have shown tremendous potential in advancing portable energy and sensing technologies. While existing reviews predominantly focus on the application of SACs in individual portable devices, systematic discussions on their overall development prospects and challenges within portable energy and sensor fields remain scarce. Therefore, this review comprehensively explores the application potential and recent advancements of SACs in portable zinc-air batteries, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and sensor technologies. The article highlights the influence of key factors such as material design, structural optimization, and packaging integration on device performance, while also addressing the primary bottlenecks and challenges encountered in current practical applications. Furthermore, it suggests possible future development directions, aiming to offer theoretical insights and engineering guidance for the large-scale deployment of SACs in wearable electronic devices, portable energy systems, and smart sensing technologies.更多还原