【摘要】 光学调制器是利用外源性能量来改变光信号特征的基础光子器件，主要功能包括对光信号的振幅、频率和相位等物理参数进行精确调控。基于调制器构建的集成光子芯片凭借其大带宽、高速信号处理能力和极低功耗的优势，已成为未来光通信、光互连和光计算的核心硬件平台。传统研究聚焦于调制速度，而当前微型化需求和能效优化目标逐渐将研究重点转移到调制效率上。文章系统阐释光学调制器的能效优化机制，重点对比分析硅基材料、Ⅲ-Ⅴ族元素、铁电体、合成聚合物和石墨烯等不同材料的光相位调制器。通过多维度性能评估与作用机理解析，为未来高效光学调制器件的创新提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Photonic modulators are fundamental photonic devices that use external energy to alter the characteristics of optical signals, primarily enabling precise control over physical parameters such as amplitude, frequency, and phase. Integrated photonic chips based on these modulators, leveraging their high bandwidth, high-speed signal processing capabilities, and extremely low power consumption, have become the core hardware platforms for future optical communication, interconnects, and computing. Technological advancements in this field have consistently attracted significant academic interest and R&D investment in recent years. While traditional research has focused on modulation speed, current demands for miniaturization and energy efficiency are gradually shifting the emphasis toward modulation efficiency. This article systematically elucidates the mechanisms for optimizing the energy efficiency of photonic modulators, with particular emphasis on a comparative analysis of phase modulators based on silicon, Ⅲ-V compounds, ferroelectrics, synthetic polymers, and graphene. Through multi-dimensional performance evaluation and mechanism analysis, it provides a reference for forthcoming innovations in efficient photonic modulation devices.更多还原