【摘要】 生物被膜是细菌在压力环境下形成的一种嵌在胞外聚合物基质中的多细胞三维聚集物，它的形成依赖于环境因素的变化。生物被膜结构的发展包括可逆附着、不可逆附着与早期结构发展、生物被膜成熟、细胞分散等4个主要阶段。生物被膜导致常规抗生素难以渗透，使细菌对抗生素不再敏感。生物被膜的耐药机制有外排泵、群体感应等。了解生物被膜形成机制对成功防控生物被膜至关重要，目前的预防策略侧重于阻断生物被膜的形成过程，包括阻止细菌附着在底物上，阻止生物被膜基质的合成阶段，抑制群体感应信号级联以及中断细菌之间的通信等。治疗策略主要是控制和消除形成的生物被膜，方式包括噬菌体、抗菌肽、天然药物、纳米复合材料、光动力疗法、联合用药等。生物被膜的防控策略包括但不限于以上方法，未来的研究可能集中在提高这些方法的效率、纳米材料的临床应用可行性、拓宽噬菌体宿主谱、提高抗生物被膜制剂的稳定性、联合使用多种策略、新型的防控策略等多个方面。同时，进一步深入研究生物被膜的形成机制与调控机制，将为开发新的防控策略提供理论基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 Biofilms are multicellular 3D aggregates formed by bacteria under pressure, embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymers. Its formation depends on changes in environmental factors. The development of biofilm structures consists of four main stages: reversible attachment, irreversible attachment and early structural development,maturation, and dispersion. Biofilm makes it difficult for common antibiotics to penetrate, making the bacteria less sensitive to antibiotics. Resistance mechanisms for biofilms include efflux pumps and quorum sensing. Understanding the mechanism of biofilm formation is crucial for successful prevention and control of biofilms. Current prevention strategies focused on blocking biofilm formation processes, including preventing bacteria from attaching to substrates,blocking the synthesis phase of biofilm substrates, inhibiting the quorum sensing signal cascade, and disrupting communication between bacteria. Major therapeutic strategies for the control and elimination of biofilm formation included bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, natural medicines, nanocomposites, photodynamic therapies, and combination therapies. Prevention and control strategies for biofilms include, but are not limited to the methods described above. Future research may focus on improving the efficiency of these methods, the clinical feasibility of nanomaterials, expanding the spectrum and stability of phage hosts, the use of multiple strategies in combination, and the development of new prevention and control strategies. In addition, an in-depth study of the formation and regulation mechanisms of biofilms will provide a theoretical basis for the development of improved prevention and control strategies.更多还原