【摘要】 国家公园的全面落地对生态补偿资金需求提出巨大挑战，财政补偿不仅杯水车薪，更难以破解补偿不足和补偿错位的僵化困局。以碳交易为解决国家公园生态补偿问题的工具，梳理了将生态碳汇开发成温室气体自愿减排量到碳市场上获益的国际、国内和第三方独立自愿减排机制等三条通道，分析国家公园生态碳汇通过CCER市场获得充分且精准的补偿还存在市场供给受限、难以有效交易和收益分配模式不明确等三个关键问题。在基于碳交易的生态碳汇补偿机制设计中，提出了在方法学障碍清除后，兼顾经济和社会生态效益原则下保障生态碳汇项目最大盈利可能的筛选机制，通过抵销比例、异地抵销、政府保护设置促成交易并区分政府和市场补偿边界的有效交易机制；以及为规避经营风险，通过引入第三方专业碳汇开发企业的PPP模式进行生态碳汇开发，并根据碳汇相关供给主体的贡献进行收益分配的精准补偿机制，为主管国家公园的林草部门和主管碳市场的生态环境部门提出了相关政策建议。研究成果将为包括国家公园在内的所有自然保护地及其他生态空间建立市场化生态补偿机制提供参考和借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 The large-scale construction of national parks poses a huge challenge to the demand for ecological compensation funds. Financial compensation is not only a drop in the bucket, but also difficult to solve the rigid dilemma of insufficient and mismatched compensation. This study uses carbon trading as a tool to solve the ecological compensation problem in national parks, and outlines three channels: international, domestic, and third-party independent voluntary emission reduction mechanisms that develop ecological carbon sinks into voluntary greenhouse gas emissions reductions to benefit the carbon market. Among them, China Certified Emission Reduction(CCER) is the main channel for realizing the ecological carbon sink value of national parks in the future. Then, the study analyzed three key issues: limited market supply, difficulty in effective trading, and unclear profit distribution models for national parks to obtain sufficient and precise ecological compensation through CCER market. In the design of ecological carbon sink compensation mechanism based on carbon trading, a screening mechanism is proposed to ensure the maximum profit potential of ecological carbon sink projects under the principle of balancing economic and social ecological benefits after the methodological barriers are cleared. An effective trading mechanism is established by offsetting ratios, offsetting in other regions, and government protection settings to promote transactions and effectively distinguish the boundary between government and market compensation. In order to avoid operational risks, a precise compensation mechanism is introduced by establishing a PPP model of third-party professional carbon sink development enterprises for ecological carbon sink project, and income distribution is based on the contributions of relevant carbon sink supply entities. Finally, the study provides relevant policy recommendations for National Forestry and Grassland Administration, which is in charge of national parks, and Ministry of Ecology and Environment, which is in charge of carbon markets in China. The research results are expected to provide reference and inspiration for establishing market-oriented ecological compensation mechanisms in all nature reserves and other ecological spaces, including national parks.更多还原