【摘要】 农村留守儿童现象和问题是影响中国城镇化进程中城乡要素畅通流动的关键。在厘清农村留守儿童基本概念和估计口径的基础上，以2010年和2020年两次全国人口普查微观数据为基础，重点分析2010年以来中国农村留守儿童的规模、年龄和性别结构、地区分布、居住安排等重要人口学特征及其变动趋势，并考察中国农村留守儿童的入学(入园)机会、在校情况和超龄就学等最新教育状况及其发展态势。研究表明，当前中国农村留守儿童规模依然庞大，留守可能性与年龄和性别存在密切关联；随着母亲外出趋势增强，农村留守儿童面临更普遍的隔代照料；农村留守儿童的受教育机会与农村儿童整体相比不再有明显优势，且面临更严重的超龄就学问题。应继续关注农村留守儿童问题，从源头上减少留守儿童现象。更多还原

【Abstract】 The phenomenon and issues of rural children left behind(RCLB) in China are affecting the flow of human capital between urban and rural areas. This paper clarifies the definition and steps for identifying RCLB, and uses the micro-data of the 2010 and 2020 Population Censuses to analyze relevant characteristics and changing trends over the past ten years. The analysis includes the following aspects: population size of RCLB, their age and sex structure, regional distribution, living arrangements, and educational development. The findings show that the population size of RCLB remained large, and the likelihood of being left-behind was closely related to age and sex. An increasing proportion of RCLB were cared for by grandparents as more mothers migrated between 2010 and 2020. RCLB no longer had any advantage in education opportunity compared with the average level of rural children. Over-age attendance was more noticeable among RCLB than the average level of rural children. We should continue to pay attention to the issue of RCLB and address its root causes.更多还原