【摘要】 面对部分西方国家的技术封锁，“中国科技创新处于何种水平”这一问题变得非常突出，学术界虽然对此讨论很多，但仍然缺乏明确、中肯的评估框架。有鉴于此，本文检视了传统测量创新能力与水平的三种主要方案——创新投入、创新产出与创新系统，分析各自的优势与局限，在对其进行吸收借鉴的基础上提出了全新的“三维创新指标”。基于这一指标，考察了中国2006～2018年的科技创新水平与进展。结果发现，中国虽尚未跻身全球创新国家的最前列，但在全球41个主要创新国家(地区)中进步最快。进一步分析发现，研发人力投入不足和前沿创新成果产出不足是阻碍中国科技创新全面进步的短板，在建设新型举国体制的过程中，要通过顶层设计系统推进这两个领域的制度完善。更多还原

【Abstract】 Facing a landscape of technological sanctions from certain Western nations, China must now carefully assess the true state of its scientific and technological innovation. This complex question has long perplexed observers, yielding no clear consensus. To chart a course forward, we must first examine the three prevailing approaches to measuring innovation-focusing on inputs, outputs, and systems respectively. By synthesizing the insights from these one-dimensional indicators, we employ factor analysis to devise a comprehensive, three-dimensional metric. This multifaceted index allows us to meticulously trace China’s innovation journey from 2006 to 2018. The results reveal an intriguing story-while China has yet to reach the global vanguard, it has spearheaded the fastest advancements among the world’s 41 leading innovators. Yet, the analysis also uncovers notable deficiencies, with China lagging in R&D personnel and advanced innovation outputs-factors that could constrain its future progress.As China charts a course towards a new “whole-nation system”, this nuanced understanding offers vital guidance.更多还原