【摘要】 通过语义溯源，“印证”一词具有佛学渊源，其概念包容性较大且含义较广，总体上体现了不同事物及所含信息的符合性。法证据学中的印证，指证据间具有内在联系，共同指向同一待证事实。印证具有相互证明性，也可作单面性使用，并可区分为聚焦于同一事实点的“点式印证”，以及证明事实链上的中间待证事实进而聚合证明最终待证事实的“链式印证”。此外，“链式印证”也系印证的一种方法。“点式印证”则可分别因信息同一，以及虽不同一但相互符合（包括嵌入式符合），划分为“同证”与“契合”两种基本类型。佐证性证据补强，虽与印证有别，但亦有重要证明作用。与证据间印证同理，在特定情形下同一证据内的不同证据要素之间可能发生内部印证关系，如部分电子数据的“属性痕迹补强”及区块链证据的“节点印证”；案外相似事实与本案事实亦可形成超越本案的印证关系。但这两种方法因与印证的机理与功用有别，系印证方法的运用，而非独立的印证方法。由此，印证证明的三种方法为“同证”“契合”与“聚合”，三种“类印证方法”为“补强”“内证”与“外证”。明确印证方法的不同适用条件及功用，有利于其精准化使用，提高诉讼证明的质量。更多还原

【Abstract】 Through semantic traceability, the word “Yinzheng” has a Buddhist origin, its concept is inclusive and broad, and generally reflects the conformity of different things and the information contained. The Yinzheng in legal evidence refers to the internal connection between evidence, which jointly points to the same fact to be proved. The Yinzheng has mutual proof, and can also be used in single aspects, and can be divided into “point Yinzheng” focusing on the same fact point, and “chain Yinzheng” to prove the intermediate facts on the fact chain and then aggregate the final facts to be proved.In addition, “chain verification” is also a method of Yinzheng. “Point Yinzheng” can be divided into two basic types of “same proof” and “fit” because of the same information and different but conforming to each other(including embedded conformity). Although the reinforcement of supporting evidence is different from the verification, it also has an important role. Like the evidence Yinzheng, internal Yinzheng relationship may occur between different evidence elements in the same evidence in certain circumstances, such as “attribute trace information reinforcement” of some electronic data and “node Yinzheng” of blockchain evidence. Both the similar facts outside the case and the facts of the case can also form a Yinzheng relationship beyond the case. However, these two methods are different from the mechanism and function of the verification, which is the application of the verification method, rather than the independent verification method.Therefore, the methods of Yinzheng can be summarized into three kinds: “same evidence” “fit” and “convergence”, and the three auxiliary methods are “corroboration” “internal proof” and “external proof”. Clarifying the different applicable conditions and functions of the different methods is conducive to confirming the accurate use of the methods and improving the quality of litigation proof.更多还原