【摘要】 地层超压对于沉积、成岩以及油气成藏具有重要的影响，是地质学中牵涉面较广的一个重要现象，其形成机制、主控因素提法很多，争议较大。本文搜集了大量沉积盆地的地层压力数据以及新生代晚期的构造变动速率等资料，以水文地质学为基础，换一个视角探讨了地层水的渗透性与沉积沉降、抬升过程中地层压力的变化规律。研究发现，在新近纪—第四纪有较高的沉积速率或较高的构造抬升速率条件下，地层水的渗透过程会滞后于构造变动，从而引起超压；若构造相对稳定或构造变动速率低，地层水将会先于构造提前完成渗透过程，使地层压力达到平衡—静水压力状态。相对而言，欠压实超压、生烃增压、构造挤压等假说可能存在，但其影响数量级要小得多。得出结论是，异常地层压力主要取决于新近纪—第四纪构造运动的速率；提出了主动超压、被动超压、长期静置常压及大升小降异常低压4种地层压力模式。此研究将为地质学家提供认识超压现象及其对油气影响的新视角。更多还原

【Abstract】 Overpressure has an important impact on oil and gas reservoirs, and there are many suggestions for its formation mechanism, but there is still controversy. In areas with thick and well-developed caprocks, caprocks can block the escape of hydrocarbons, but cannot block the infiltration of formation water. Therefore, this article collected data on the formation pressure status and Late Cenozoic tectonic change rates of dozens of large basins both domestically and internationally. Based on hydrogeology, it studied the relationship between the permeability of formation water and the changes in formation pressure during sedimentation, subsidence, and uplift processes.Research has found that under conditions of high sedimentation rate and high erosion rate, the infiltration process of formation water will lag behind structural changes, leading to overpressure, especially in the case of gypsum salt layers. If the structure is relatively stable or undergoes low-rate structural changes, the formation water will complete the infiltration process in advance, causing the formation pressure to reach an equilibrium hydrostatic pressure state. The abnormal formation pressure mainly depends on the rate of Late Cenozoic tectonic movement.The theory of undercompaction phenomenon and its formation of overpressure is questionable. Four abnormal formation pressure modes have been proposed, including active overpressure, passive overpressure, long-term static atmospheric pressure, and abnormal low pressure with large rise and small drop. This study will re-understand the phenomenon of overpressure and its impact on oil and gas.更多还原