【摘要】 辽西地区是研究中国文明起源及早期文明化进程的重要区域。红山文化是辽西地区6.5～5.0 ka B. P.的新石器时代晚期重要的考古学文化。本研究对辽西地区红山文化时期的魏家窝铺遗址、彩陶坡遗址、兴隆沟遗址第二地点和牛河梁遗址第一地点这4个遗址点中浮选和采集的134份样品中大于2 mm的940块木炭进行鉴定，分别是栎属(Quercus L.)、榆属(Ulmus L.)、朴属(Celtis L.)、李属(Prunus L.)、槭树属(Acer L.)、黄檗属(Phellodendron Rupr.)、椴属(Tilia L.)、梣属(Fraxinus L.)、胡桃属(Juglans L.)、松属(Pinus L.)、柳属(Salix L.)、侧柏属(Platycladus L.)等12种木本植物，以及2种未知的炭化植物遗存。研究表明遗址周围分布着桃、杏、胡桃楸等果树，生长着以栎属为建群种的暖温带落叶阔叶林及榆属、槭树属和朴属等阔叶树；山地上可能分布着由松属、侧柏属和黄檗属、椴属、梣属等组成的温性针阔混交林。利用共存生态因子法进行气候重建的结果表明，当时遗址周围的环境较现今温暖湿润。先民用栎属木材建造房屋、薪柴选用栎属、松属和槭树属木材。通过对牛河梁遗址第一地点出土的木炭推测当时祭祀时可能使用栎属木材。除了遗址中出土的炭化果核，核果类木材的出土，进一步佐证了先民会采集核果类木材的果实、种子作为食物，为探索红山文化时期先民生业方式提供了新视角。本研究为解读红山文化时期的先民对林木资源利用策略，了解当时生态环境与生业模式提供了新资料。更多还原

【Abstract】 The western Liaoning region(41° ～45° N, 117° ～124° E)constitutes a pivotal area for investigating the origins of Chinese civilization and the early processes of cultural development. The Hongshan culture, dated to the late Neolithic period(6. 5～5. 0 ka BP), represents a significant archaeological culture in the western Liaoning region.Excavations at Hongshan sites have yielded a plethora of exquisite jade artifacts, pottery, stone tools, and extensive sacrificial remains. This study aims to elucidate the ecological and climatic conditions surrounding Hongshan sites and explore how the ancient inhabitants utilized plant resources to support their livelihoods. Utilizing metallographic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, we analyzed 940 charcoal specimens(> 2 mm) collected through flotation from 4 key archaeological sites of Weijiawopu(42°08′N, 118°57′E), Caitaopo(42°50′N, 119°13′E),Xinglonggou Ⅱ （ 42°22′N, 120°40′E）, and Niuheliang Ⅰ （ 41°20′N, 119°30′E） during Hongshan Culture Period. The identified charred wood samplleias, comprising 12 genera, includeQuercussL.,UlmusL.,CeltisPrunuL.,L.,AcerL.,PhellodendronRupr.,TiL.,FraxinusL.,JuglansL.,PinusL.,SalixL., andPlatycladusL.Statistical analysis reveals thatQuercusL. dominates at 67. 98%, followed byAcerL. at 12. 77%andPinusL. at10. 1%, with other tree species showing lower proportions. Our findings indicate that the surroundings of the sites were characterized by the presence of fruit trees such as apricot, peach, and walnut. The region featured warm temperate dCeecltiidsuous broadleaf forests dominated byQuercusL., alongside other broadleaf trees includingUlmusL.,AcerL and PLe. nAddrodnitionally, mountainous areas likely hosted temperate mixed forests composed ofPinusL.,PlatycladushellodL.,Rupr.,TiliaL., andFraxinusL. Climate reconstruction using coexistence ecological factor methods suggests a warmer and more humid environment around the sites. The average annual temperature during the Hongshan Culture period was 2. 2 ～ 14. 2 ℃, the annual precipitation was 392 ～ 976 mm, and the humidity index was-40. 9～66. 0; The current annual precipitation in the western Liaoning region is 300～620 mm, with the average annual temperature of 4～6 ℃ during the Hongshan period compared to the present day. Up to 430 pieces of charcoal were found 3 archaeological sites’ s house except NiuheliangⅠ, of which 311 were of the genusQuercusL., and the predominant use ofQuercus L. wood for building houses purposes is evident. As inferred from the recovered charcoal at the NiuheliangⅠ’s stylobate, the result support the hypothesis thatQuercusL. wood were potentially ueemrcpulsoyed dPururinnugs sacrificial activitiesi.s In addition to charred fruit pits, the excavation of charred seeds fromQL.,L.,UlmusL.,CeltL.,JuglansL., andPinusL. further corroborates the hypothesis that early inhabitants collected and utilized nuts and seeds from these species, enriching our understanding of the diverse range and extent of plant resources exploited by ancient people. This study contributes novel insights into the utilization of forest resources by the Hongshan inhabitants, shedding light on the ecological environment and livelihood strategies of the period.更多还原