【摘要】 稀有金属铍因其优异性能，在高能物理、核能、航空航天、光学系统、惯性导航系统、商业领域等有着不可替代的重要作用。本文综述了铍的物理、化学、力学、核和腐蚀性能。铍是熔点最高的轻金属，具有密度低、弹性模量高、对红外线反射率高等优异的物理性能；Be2+是已知电荷密度最高的金属阳离子，铍室温条件下能与氧反应并在其表面生成具有保护作用的氧化膜；铍室温下脆性较大，延伸率较低，拉伸瞬间断裂，无颈缩，断口表现为解理特征，拉伸和压缩性能具有明显不对称性，且微屈服强度高，尺寸稳定性好，铍内部结构、缺陷浓度和分布、试验速率、温度、辐照条件等因素对其力学性能有重要影响；铍原子质量小、中子俘获截面小而散射截面大，可降低中子速度和能量，快中子会对铍造成辐照损伤，并在其内部产生氦、氚、氢等气体；铍在干燥大气中有较好的抗腐蚀性能，但电位极低的铍在含有水汽的环境中极易成为阳极而产生点蚀，随着铍在高能物理中的进一步应用，其辐照后的腐蚀性能逐渐被关注。本文有助于科研人员对铍性能的优异性与局限性进行全面认识，以便制备综合性能更加优异的铍材，使其在更多重要领域发挥重要作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The rare metal beryllium played an irreplaceable role in various fields due to its excellent properties, including high-energy physics, nuclear energy, aerospace, optical systems, inertial navigation systems and commerce. The excellent performance of beryllium made it the most ideal structural material for inertial navigation systems, the best material for making beam tubes/windows in high-energy physics particle accelerators, the moderator and reflector materials in nuclear reactors, the structural materials for aerospace vehicles, and the infrared reflective material in optical system. This article reviewed the physical, chemical, mechanical, nuclear, and corrosion properties of beryllium. Beryllium was a light metal with the highest melting point and a relative atomic mass of only 9. It had excellent physical properties such as low density, high elastic modulus, and high infrared reflectivity. It had good thermal conductivity and was the light metal with the highest specific heat capacity. The heat absorption capacity was equivalent to twice that of aluminum, and it increased significantly with the rise of temperature. The crystal structure of beryllium was a close-packed hexagonal structure with anisotropy. Beryllium was an alkaline earth metal with high chemical activity, being extremely sensitive to temperature and environmental media. The electronegativity of beryllium was relatively high, and the covalent radius was small. Be2+ ion was the metal cation with the highest known charge density. It could react with oxygen at room temperature and form a protective oxide film on its surface. High temperature had a relatively great impact on the oxidation of beryllium. It would cause the thermal expansion and stress cracking of the oxide film, increasing its oxidation degree. The mechanical properties of beryllium included brittleness at room temperature, low elongation, instantaneous fracture in tension, and no necking. Besides, the fracture was characterized by cleavage.The tensile and compressive properties had obvious asymmetry, and the micro-yield strength was high. Beryllium had good dimensional stability, but its mechanical properties could be greatly influenced by various factors, such as its internal structure, defect concentration and distribution, test rate, temperature, irradiation conditions and so on; with the increase of room temperature tensile strain rate, the tensile and yield strength of beryllium materials were significantly improved. As the temperature increased, the yield strength and work hardening behavior of beryllium materials decreased. The distribution morphology of impurity BeO had a more obvious influence on the strength of beryllium than the content of BeO. The low elongation and high brittleness at room temperature of beryllium also limited its further application. The microstructure defects on the elongation of beryllium could cause local stress concentration or prefabricated microcracks of a certain size. The elongation of beryllium decreased significantly after irradiation. The micro-yield strength of beryllium had a good linear relationship with its yield strength. The micro-yield strength decreased with the increase of aluminum content in the beryllium. The presence of silicon in beryllium aggravated the accumulation of BeO along the grain boundary, which reduced the micro-yield strength of beryllium. The micro-yield strength of the hot-pressed and static-pressed beryllium materials after solution aging treatment was lower than that of the pressed beryllium materials. The excellent nuclear properties of beryllium were manifested in its high atomic density and low atomic mass. The binding energy of beryllium neutrons in the nucleus was very small, so it could easily release neutrons under the bombardment of energetic particles. The neutron capture cross-section of beryllium was very small(0.009 Barn), and the neutron scattering cross-section was very large(6.1 Barn), which could make neutrons slower and reflect more in beryllium. Beryllium could reduce the speed of neutrons and keep them in the reactor core to reduce their energy, so as to maintain the fission process more effectively. The radiation damage of beryllium was mainly caused by fast neutrons, the one that could cause atomic dislocation defects, nuclear reactions, and generate gases in the beryllium, such as helium, tritium, hydrogen and so on. Beryllium had good corrosion resistance in dry atmosphere, but as its potential was extremely low, it could easily become an anode in an environment containing water vapor, which could cause pitting corrosion. With the further application of beryllium in high-energy physics, its irradiated corrosion performance had gradually attracted attention. γ pre-irradiation could promote the generation of pitting nuclei and pits in EDM-1 of beryllium samples. Under the same corrosion conditions, the type of radiation source also affected the degree of corrosion of beryllium. This article gave a comprehensive overview of the research progress of the physics, chemistry, mechanics, and nuclear properties of beryllium, and listed the factors that affect the properties of beryllium. With the further understanding of the performance of beryllium by scientific researchers and the improvement of the level of powdering and molding technology, the limitations of beryllium’s brittleness and high production cost would surely be improved. It was expected to produce beryllium materials with excellent comprehensive properties and make beryllium more widely available in important fields such as aerospace, military, nuclear physics and so on.更多还原