【摘要】 马赫的科学批判、思维经济、因果性思想对民国学人很有影响。此外，他在科学摹写或科学描述方面也影响到民国学界。尤其是，民国学人对马赫哲学见仁见智、莫衷一是——现象论、实用主义、实证论或经验论、新实在论以至唯心论。其实，马赫的主导哲学是感觉经验论或要素一元论，尽管也含有其他成分，包括民国学人没有怎么提及的理性论和约定论，但决不是什么唯心论或观念论，本文对有关误解和曲解作了必要的辩驳和澄清。遗憾的是，民国学人对马赫没有全局性、整体性的研究，也没有针对某一专门论题的透彻分析，仅有一些局部的、零散的介绍或评论；对马赫丰富多彩的科学论贡献、斑驳陆离的思想风貌、特立独行的精神气质和古道热肠的人文情怀，也缺乏关照和领悟。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mach’s scientific criticisms, economic principles of thinking and causal thoughts were very influential on scholars in the Republic of China. Moreover, he also made great achievements in scientific copying or scientific description. However, scholars in the Republic of China have different opinions on the positioning of Mach’s philosophy-they say it is phenomenalism, pragmatism, positivism or empiricism, new realism or even idealism. In fact, the main body of Mach’s philosophy is sensory empiricism or element monism. Although it also contains other elements, including rationalism and conventionalism that were not mentioned much by contemporary scholars, it is by no means idealism or conceptualism. Scholars in the Republic of China did not conduct a comprehensive study on Mach, nor did they conduct a thorough analysis of a specific topic. They only had some scattered introductions or comments; they did not pay attention to Mach’s colorful scientific contributions, variegated ideological style, and maverick spirit. His temperament and humanistic sentiments also lack care and understanding.更多还原