【摘要】 大气无机氮沉降是全球氮循环的重要过程，对生态系统的可持续发展至关重要。监测大气氮沉降主要包括地面站点监测和大气化学传输模型模拟两种方法；但在区域尺度上两种方法获得的氮沉降通量具有较大差异。因此，急需发展新的方法以补充探讨区域尺度大气氮沉降时空分布格局。卫星遥感技术具有监测全球高时空分辨率大气含氮化合物浓度的能力，已应用于区域尺度氮沉降通量估算。本文系统回顾了监测大气NO₂和NH₃的主要卫星载荷及其数据特点、基于卫星监测的NO₂和NH₃柱浓度开展氮沉降估算的基本原理，大气硝态氮和氨态氮的气体、颗粒物和湿沉降遥感估算模型，中国大气无机氮沉降时空分布格局，并指出了当前基于卫星监测信息开展大气无机氮沉降通量估算研究中存在的不足。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an important process in the nitrogen（N） cycle,inorganic N deposition from the atmosphere can be observed at ground sites or simulated by an atmospheric Chemical Transport Model（CTM）.However,the atmospheric N deposition fluxes obtained by these two methods on a regional scale show huge gaps.The atmospheric NO₂ and NH₃ columns remotely sensed by satellites have the potential to estimate the N depositions with high spatial and temporal resolutions.This study reviewed those sensors that provide atmospheric NO₂ and NH₃ columns and those models that estimate atmospheric inorganic N depositions based on satellite observations.Several sensors can provide the daily NO₂ and NH₃ columns in the tropospheric atmosphere since 1995,with spatial resolutions ranging from 7×3.5 km² to 320×40 km².In general,the datasets of NO₂ columns have higher spatial resolutions,cover longer periods,and show better data precision compared with those of NH₃ columns.An inferential model is often used to estimate dry nitrogen depositions using the N-related component concentrations at the ground level and the deposition velocity（often estimated by an atmospheric CTM）.The N-related components in the atmosphere include the gas formats of NO₂,HNO₃,and NH₃ and the particulate formats of NO₃^- and NH₄⁺,which can be estimated from the satellite observations of NO₂ and NH₃ columns,respectively.Three methods were used to covert the atmospheric columns of the N-related components to the concentrations at the ground level,namely,by taking the columns as the ground-level concentrations,by constructing a statistical model that involved the columns and the related influencing factors to estimate the ground-level concentrations,and by considering the profiles of Nrelated components simulated from CTM to estimate the ground-level concentrations.Three methods were also used to estimate wet inorganic nitrogen depositions,including an empirical formula,a statistical model,and a process model.The process model can reflect the combined effects of the N-related component concentrations in the atmosphere and the precipitation amounts.In this model,the key parameter of washing coefficient on N-related components from the atmosphere was estimated by using a mixed model that involved a large amount of N depositions observed at ground sites.Each model for estimating inorganic N depositions had its respective advantages and disadvantages.Those methods that consider the atmospheric profiles of N-related components to estimate the dry N depositions and the process model to estimate the wet N depositions have been used to systematically estimate inorganic N depositions on a regional scale,including gas,particulate,and wet depositions.These methods have obtained reliable estimates of N depositions across China.Although some methods have been developed to estimate inorganic N depositions based on satellite observations,these methods still show some limitations.To accurately estimate the N deposition on a regional scale,advanced techniques that use satellite sensors,show high spatial and temporal resolutions on N-related components in the atmosphere,and utilize new models for estimating the key parameters with high precision should be developed in future.更多还原