【摘要】 地球系统科学的基石之一是地球观测系统，许多观测试验甚至成为一个阶段地球系统科学认识和研究方法进步的里程碑。在这些观测试验中，遥感试验始终是核心组成部分。黑河遥感试验是以中国典型内陆河流域——黑河流域为研究区，以流域内山区冰冻圈、人工绿洲、天然绿洲的生态水文过程为研究对象，于2007年—2017年开展的大规模、多学科卫星—航空—地面综合遥感试验，历经“黑河综合遥感联合试验”和“黑河生态水文遥感试验”两个阶段，由52家单位，670余位科研人员参与，650多个试验数据集全部共享。黑河遥感试验以流域复杂异质性地表研究为特点，在多尺度观测方法创新、定量遥感发展、生态水文应用等方面取得了突破，实现了定量遥感和流域生态水文集成研究的深度结合。论文回顾了黑河遥感试验10年历程，凝练了尺度转换、异质性度量、不确定性定量的多尺度试验三原则，总结了星机地一体化、流域—子流域—足迹—单点多尺度嵌套、传感器网络、通量矩阵多尺度观测新方法，介绍了在多源遥感协同反演方法、异质性辐射传输模型、遥感产品真实性检验技术上的进步。在试验中也研发了降水、积雪、蒸散发、土壤水分、净初级生产力等10多种高分辨率流域尺度生态水文产品，并通过与流域生态水文模型的深度集成，算清了流域水账，揭示了绿洲—荒漠相互作用的完整图景，提出了涡动相关仪能量平衡不闭合的诊断方程。黑河遥感试验结束后，其观测系统转为黑河流域地表过程综合观测网继续运行，并持续孕育观测的新理论、新方法，更好地服务流域科学的探索和实践。更多还原

【Abstract】 Earth observation systems are one of the cornerstones of Earth system science, and some milestone observational experiments have contributed greatly to the maturation of Earth system science and its research methodology. Among these observational experiments,remote sensing experiments have always played a key role. The Heihe remote sensing experiment is a large-scale and multidisciplinary satellite-airborne-ground integrated remote sensing experiment conducted from 2007 to 2017 in the Heihe River Basin, a typical inland river basin in China. The main scientific objectives are to observe the ecohydrological processes in the mountainous cryosphere, artificial oasis,and natural oasis in the Heihe River Basin. It was implemented in two stages: the Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research(WATER) and the Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research(HiWATER). More than 670 researchers participated in the Heihe remote sensing experiment, and more than 650 experimental datasets have been shared open and free. Characterized by capturing heterogeneities of complex land surfaces of the entire river basin, the Heihe remote sensing experiment has made breakthroughs in developing innovative multiscale observation methods, improving quantitative remote sensing models, and enhancing the applicability of remote sensing in ecohydrological studies. Overall, these progresses have led to a deeper harmonization of quantitative remote sensing and integrated ecohydrological research.This paper reviews Heihe remote sensing experiments and prospects for the future development of experimental remote sensing.Aiming to address the scientific challenges of developing scaling methods, measuring heterogeneity, and quantifying uncertainties, we have made the following advances in Heihe remote sensing experiments.(1) Innovative observation methods such as integrated satellite-airborneground observation, nested multiscale point-footprint-watershed-basin observation, wireless sensor network observation, and flux matrix observation methods have been invented or refined into maturation.(2) A variety of multisource remote sensing cooperative inversion methods, e.g. different spatial resolutions, polar and geostationary orbits, and active and passive sensors, have been developed. In particular,radiative transfer models for heterogeneous land surfaces have been established and validated.(3) Systematic advances in remote sensing data product validation technology, including optimal sampling, and upscaling of in situ observations to pixel-scale truth, have been achieved and verified.(4) More than 10 types of high-resolution ecohydrological remote sensing data products over heterogeneous land surfaces, such as precipitation, snow cover, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and net primary productivity, have been produced at the river basin scale. Moreover, based on our integrated ecohydrological models, the hydrological cycles at different scales were closed, the oasisdesert interaction mechanism was revealed, and a diagnostic equation to close the energy balance of the eddy covariance system was proposed.Currently, the integrated observation system of the Heihe River basin is operating by taking the heritage of the Heihe remote sensing experiment. The Heihe River basin observation system will continue to support the development of new theories and methods of Earth observation technologies and serve the exploration and practice of watershed science and regional sustainable development.更多还原