【摘要】 作为明治维新以前日本政治的重要组成部分，公家群体深度参与了政治变迁进程。律令制时代的官位制度确立了公家群体的身份秩序，这种官位制度的主要特征是官位相当制。通过对位阶、官职的规定，对古代日本前国家时代的豪族进行重组，逐渐形成了律令制时代的氏族。平安时代，各氏族争夺官位并开始逐渐形成对各层级官位的垄断与世袭，官位决定着家系的发展。中世以后，随着武家政权的确立，古代的氏族转型为家族，中央王朝官位虚衔化，家系与官位的关系开始固化，家系出身决定了官位的高低。至江户时代，官位与家系的相关性彻底固定，形成了由可担任的最高官位的高低来决定家系等级高低的等级制度。纵观明治维新以前日本公家官位制度的演变历程，可以发现其明显地呈现出日趋贵族化的特点。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an important part of Japanese politics before the Meiji Restoration, the Kuge was deeply involved in the process of political change.The official rank system in the ritsuryo period established the identity order of the gentry group, and the main feature of this official rank system was the official rank equivalence system.Through the regulation of ranks and official positions, the clans of the pre-state period in ancient Japan were reorganized and gradually formed into the clans of the ritsuryo period.In the Heian period, clans competed for official positions and gradually began to develop a monopoly and hereditary ownership of official positions at each level, and the official positions obtained in this era determined the development of the family lineage.After the Middle Ages, with the establishment of the samurai government, the ancient clans were transformed into families, the official position of the central dynasty turned into a nominal title, and the relationship between family lineage and official position began to be solidified.In the Edo period, the correlation between official position and family lineage was completely fixed, and a hierarchy was formed in which the level of the highest official position that could be held by the family determined the level of the family lineage.It can be found from a glance at the evolution of Japan’s official rank system of Kuge before the Meiji Restoration that it shows on a distinct aristocratic character.更多还原