【摘要】 党的二十大报告指出“坚持多劳多得，鼓励勤劳致富，促进机会公平”。以马克思分配正义理论为基础，对机会不平等的测度方法进行重构，再以中国家庭追踪调查数据为样本，测度我国居民收入差距中的机会不平等并识别其主要成因。实证研究表明：机会不平等对收入差距的相对贡献度为23.61%；性别、原生家庭环境和地区差异是导致收入机会不平等的主要因素，性别和原生家庭环境差异对“70后”的影响尤为突出；对于女性而言，原生家庭环境差异是导致收入机会不平等的主要因素。以实证结论为基础，结合当前收入分配中的突出问题，从保障女性就业权利、基于需求的生命周期特征对收入进行“逆周期”调节和建设全国就业统一大市场三个方面提出相应对策。更多还原

【Abstract】 The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that, we must adhere to the principles of “upholding more pay for more work, encouraging people to achieve prosperity through hard work, and promoting equality of opportunity”. Based on the Marx’s theory of distributive justice, the paper firstly reconstructed the measurement method of opportunity inequality, and selected the data of China Family Panel Studies as samples. Then the paper measured the opportunity inequality in China’s residents’ income gap, and identified the causes behind. The empirical research showed that, the relative contribution degree of opportunity inequality to income gap was 23.61%. Gender, natural family environment and regional differences were the main factors leading to income opportunity inequality. Meanwhile, gender differences and natural family environment both had a more prominent impact on the “post-70s”, while natural family environmental differences had a bigger effect on the female. Based on the empirical conclusions and the prominent problems in income distribution, the paper put forward corresponding countermeasures from three aspects, that was, guaranteeing women’s employment rights, making a “counter-cyclical”adjustment of income based on the characteristic of life cycle of the demand, as well as constructing a national unified employment market.更多还原