【摘要】 《明史》首次在官修刊行的正史中专设土司列传，却选择性地仅将明代部分“西番”土官归为“土司”。原因是万斯同、王鸿绪等清初纂修者修订稿本时深受明中叶以降史书对“西番”疆土隶属关系记载的影响。“西番”被析分三大板块是明初在“西番”建政立制过程中因袭、调整元代政区旧制的直观体现，“羁縻”土官被清初纂修者排除“土司”行列。由于明初地方政治实践的差异，陕西、四川都司卫所辖治的“西番”土官被纳入不同的军政管理体系，成为清初官修正史界定“西番”土司的深层次原因。到明代后期，“西番”疆土分治局面逐步打破，时人认知观念中“土司”地理空间分布发生变动。概念运用的考察需注重历史文献语境，以及不同区域的地方政治实践；土司概念认知的生成过程或成为与制度史研究互补的一个面向。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ming Shi for the first time included biographies of chieftains in the official history,but selectively classified some of Xifan(西番) Tuguan(土官) as chieftains in Ming Dynasty.When compilers such as Wan Sitong(万斯同) and Wang Hongxu(王鸿绪) revised manuscripts in the early Qing Dynasty,they were deeply influenced by the historical records since the middle of the Ming Dynasty on Xifan territorial affiliation.These records were direct reflection of the inheritance and adjustment of administrative region in Yuan Dynasty during the establishment of the Xifan political system in the early Ming Dynasty.Jimi Tuguan were excluded from the ranks of chieftains by the compilers.Due to the differences in local political practices in the early Ming Dynasty,Xifan Tuguan under the jurisdiction of Dusiwei(都司卫) in Shaanxi and.Sichuan were included in different military and political management systems,which became the deep-seated reason for defining Xifan chieftains in officially compiled historical books of early Qing Dynasty.By the late Ming,the territorial governance of Xifan gradually broke down.The spatial distribution of chieftains and their territories as recognized by the contemporaries accordingly changed.The generation process of the chieftain conception complements the study of institutional history.Investigation on the use of historical concepts needs to be more attentive on the context of historical documents and the process of local political practice in different regions.更多还原