【摘要】 细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs)是一种由细胞分泌的膜性囊泡结构。外泌体是最小的细胞外囊泡，通过激活细胞特异性受体和信号通路来控制其生物发生，由转运所需的内体分选复合物(endosomal sorting complexes required for transport, ESCRT)依赖性或非依赖性途径调节。外泌体在免疫、中枢神经系统的发育、组织再生、妊娠、精子发育成熟等过程中发挥重要作用。哺乳动物的精浆中大量存在外泌体，参与调节精子活力、抗氧化、精子获能、精卵结合等生理学过程。在妊娠过程中，外泌体促进胚胎着床、母胎双向交流、血管生成，提高妊娠成功率。家禽的繁殖过程也受到外泌体的调控。目前研究表明，鸡的精液中已被证实外泌体的存在，与维持精子活力相关。进入母鸡生殖道的精子储存在母鸡的贮精囊中，贮精囊细胞会分泌外泌体样细胞外囊泡，并作用于精子，增加贮精囊中精子的存活率，保证精子活力，促进精卵结合。文章主要阐述了外泌体的生成机制及其在哺乳动物和禽类繁殖过程中的作用，为进一步推动畜禽繁殖工作的发展提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Extracellular vesicles(EVs) are membranous vesicles secreted by cells. Exosomes, considered to be the smallest extracellular vesicles, control their biogenesis by activating cell-specific receptors and signal pathways. Exosomes are re-gulated by the endogenous sorting complexrequired for transport(ESCRT) dependent or independent pathway required for transport. Exosomes play an important role in the process of immunity, central nervous system development, tissue regeneration, pregnancy, sperm development and maturation. A large number of exosomes in mammalian seminal plasma are involved in regulating sperm motility, anti-oxidation, sperm capacitation, egg-sperm binding and fusion and other physiological processes. During the gestation, the exosomes would promote embryo implantation, maternal-fetal communication, angiogenesis, and improve the rate of pregnancy. The reproduction of poultry is also regulated by exosomes. At present, the existence of exosomes in the chicken semen was confirmed for the maintenance of sperm vitality. The sperms in the hen’s reproductive tract are stored in the sperm storage tubules, which would secrete exosome-like extracellular vesicles and act on the sperm to increase the survival rate of the sperm in the seminal vesicle, ensure sperm vitality, and promote the egg-sperm binding and fusion. In this paper, the formation mechanism of exosomes and its role in the reproduction of mammals and birds are expounded, to provide a reference for the development of livestock and poultry breeding.更多还原