【摘要】 提高贫困地区居民的人力资本水平，有助于解决教育发展地区不平衡，缩小贫富差距，促进社会公平。本文利用“中国家庭收入调查”（CHIP2018）的相关数据，采用截面双重差分法，分析2005年针对592个国家扶贫开发工作重点县实施的“两免一补”政策效应。研究结果显示，“两免一补”政策的实施对受益个体的人力资本存在正向影响。其影响具体表现为：该项政策使受益个体义务教育阶段中途辍学率降低，继续接受高中及以上同等学力教育的机会增加，从而提高了其接受教育年限；使受益个体选择非农职业的意愿提高，并且在提高受益个体教育状况的基础上，实现了增加收入的效果。在采用PSM-DID方法进行稳健性检验后，上述结论仍然成立。异质性分析表明，对于女性以及多子女家庭中首孩，“两免一补”政策的实施所带来的教育与收入状况的改善更加显著。综上所述，“两免一补”政策的实施，能够改善贫困地区受益个体的教育与收入状况。更多还原

【Abstract】 Improving the educational situation in backward areas to achieve educational equity is the focus of the government. Education is an important channel for poor groups to improve human capital and reduce poverty. Therefore, the Chinese government has promulgated a number of policies related to poverty alleviation through education. However, the specific impact of policies related to poverty alleviation through education on the human capital of poor families in backward areas needs to be further studied.By using the rural individual data from the 2018 Chinese Household Income Project(CHIP), this paper analyzes the effect of the "two exemptions and one supplement" policy implemented in 592 key counties of national poverty alleviation and development in 2005 by using the cross-sectional difference-in-differences(DID) method. The research results show that the implementation of the "two exemptions and one supplement" policy has a positive impact on the human capital of the beneficiary individuals. Specifically, the policy reduces the dropout rate of the beneficiary individuals at the primary education stage, and increases the possibility of continuing to receive the same education level of senior high school, thus increasing their years of education. At the same time, the willingness of beneficiary individuals to choose non-agricultural occupations is improved. The implementation of this policy achieves the effect of increasing income on the basis of improving the educational status of beneficiaries. After the robustness test with PSM-DID, the above conclusions are still robust. Heterogeneity analysis shows that as for women and the first child in a multi-child family, the implementation of the "two exemptions and one supplement" policy brings more significant improvement in education and income. Therefore, it is concluded that the implementation of the policy of "two exemptions and one supplement" improves the education and income status of the beneficiary children of poor families in backward areas.The contributions of this paper are mainly in three aspects. First, the policy of "two exemptions and one supplement" provides subsidies to school-age children of poor families through conditional cash transfer and fee reduction to improve their human capital. Therefore, the policy has its own particularity. Research on this policy provides vivid evidence in China for the research on the effect of education poverty alleviation policies. Second, existing studies on the effect of the "two exemptions, one supplement" policy mostly focus on the educational outcomes of beneficiary groups. This paper studies long-term human capital issues related to poverty alleviation, such as income and employment choice, which can supplement relevant studies. Third, from the perspective of educational equity, this paper expands the existing research field by studying the problem of poor population going to school and the problem of educational inequity caused by gender and the order of children in multi-child families.This paper reveals the effectiveness of education poverty alleviation policies from the perspective of education equity,and provides empirical evidence for government departments at different levels to formulate relevant education policies.更多还原