【摘要】 自然生境中分布着数量极其庞大、种类繁多的微生物，它们在物质循环、能量流动、环境保护和人类健康等方面担当着重要的角色.然而，天然微生物种群大多由未培养微生物组成，对于在纯培养条件下详细研究这些生物体的生物化学和生理学来说，是个巨大的难题.由于自然微生物群落的高度复杂性，在原位进行代谢潜能的鉴别和表征也是困难重重.分子生物学技术的发展和高通量组学测序分析技术的出现部分弥补了传统研究方法的局限性.随着分子生物学技术如微量分析和生物标记的发展，很多新的微生物谱系被发现和分离，新的微生物代谢方式被阐明，使得研究者对环境微生物的认知不断被修正、完善和拓展.本文综述近年来本研究团队采用经典微生物学方法与现代分子生物学技术相结合的手段，从分子、细胞及群落水平上对环境微生物资源挖掘、有毒污染物分解代谢、微生物驱动元素循环的功能表征等方面的研究进展，并对今后的研究进行展望.更多还原

【Abstract】 Natural environment habitat numerous and diverse microorganisms, playing essential roles in matter cycle, energy flow, environmental conservation and human health.However, as natural microorganisms represent "the unseen majority",the lack of pure cultures makes it challenging to explore the biochemistry and physiology of microorganisms.In-situ identification and characterization of microbial metabolism can also hardly be achieved due to the highly complexity of microbial community.Nowadays, these limitations could be remedied by molecular biological techniques and high-throughput sequencing approaches.With the rapid development of molecular techniques such as microanalysis and biomarkers, many novel microbial lineages have been discovered and isolated, and novel microbial metabolisme pathways have been elucidated, continuously amending, improving and expanding our understanding of environmental microorganisms.In this review, in combination of classic microbiological methods and modern molecular biological techniques, we discuss the research progress on the resource exploration of environmental microorganisms, the biodegradation of toxic pollutants and the functional characterization of microorganism-driven element cycles at molecular, cellular and microbial community levels, and look forward to the prospects of the further researches.更多还原