【摘要】 青海瞿昙寺是中原地区至今保存较完整,集古建、雕刻彩绘和壁画于一体的明代早期官式建筑群。瞿昙寺瞿昙殿现存壁画约217.5 m~2,是中原地区经典的明代早期藏传佛教壁画,具有珍贵的历史和学术研究价值。本研究通过显微镜(OM)、剖面分析(Cross-section)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等多种分析方法,对瞿昙寺瞿昙殿壁画制作材料及工艺开展了初步调查分析。结果显示:瞿昙殿壁画以砖墙体为支撑体,地仗层由粗泥层和细泥层组成;地仗中粗细泥层含沙量不等,粗泥层含沙量约60%,细泥层含沙量较少,约为16%～25%;地仗层中总体纤维含量为3%左右;地仗土粒度级配良好,粒径多集中在1～100μm之间;地仗中含少量硫酸钠和氯化钠;瞿昙殿壁画使用颜料主要为铅丹、朱砂、氯铜矿、副氯铜矿、石青等矿物颜料,颜料层厚度20～200μm之间;铅丹颜料在瞿昙殿中出现"章丹打底银朱盖面"的分层应用以及铅丹变色的现象;瞿昙殿壁画中明代壁画无底色层,清代乾隆时期壁画有底色层。本次分析研究获得瞿昙殿壁画层位、地仗组成和颜料使用信息,为瞿昙殿壁画科学保护和深入研究提供重要的第一手资料。更多还原

【Abstract】 Qutan Temple in Qinghai Province is a well preserved official architectural complex of the early Ming Dynasty, which integrates ancient architecture, sculpture, color painting and wall painting. The wall paintings of Qutan Hall are of precious materials representing the early Ming Dynasty wall painting art and Buddhist art archaeology. The existing wall paintings of Qutan hall, which have an area of about 217.5 m~2, are the classic early Ming Dynasty Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings in the Central Plains. They were analyzed by means of optical microscopy(OM), cross sectional analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction(XRD), etc. The results of this study show that the wall paintings of Qutan Hall are supported by a brick wall, and that the ground layer is composed of a coarse mud layer and a fine mud layer. The sand content of coarse mud layer is about 60%, while that of fine mud layer is less, about 16%～25%; the total fiber content in plaster is about 3%; the particle size distribution of plaster soil is good, and the particle size is mostly concentrated in the range of 1～100 μm; the plaster contains a small amount of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride; the pigments used in the wall paintings of Qutan Hall are lead, cinnabar, chalcopyrite, parachalcopyrite, stone blue and other mineral pigments; the thickness of the pigment layer is between 20 and 200 μm; the layered application of red lead pigment in Qutan Hall is “lead below, vermilion above”, and shows the phenomenon of lead discoloration. In the wall paintings of Qutan Hall, there is no white ground in Ming Dynasty portion, but there is a white ground from the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. This analysis and research presents information of the Qutan Hall layer structure of wall paintings, the composition of the plaster and the use of pigments, which provides important scientific data for the scientific conservation and further study of the Qutan Hall wall paintings.更多还原