【摘要】 长期以来学术界聚焦于19世纪末期以降的北美医学专业化进程,在此之前的医学专业化趋势被忽略。事实上,北美医学专业化的趋势肇端于17—18世纪。19世纪以前的北美精英专业医生,主要包括少数来自欧洲的内科医生、在欧洲接受医学教育后返回北美行医的精英专业医生、北美本土医学院培养的医生以及少量接受学徒制培训却在北美社会具有重要影响的杰出医生。他们拥有提升医学专业化的诉求,积极推动建立医院、医学院和医学会,规范行医实践,排斥非正统行医者并开始构建医生的理想形象,确立行医道德准则。19世纪以前这些精英专业医生的专业化诉求,在整个美国医疗史尤其是医学专业化的发展进程中占据一席之地,成为北美医学专业化的开端。更多还原

【Abstract】 The academic circle has focused on the process of medical professionalization since late 19 th century in the U. S. for a long time,while the trend of medical professionalization before 19 th century has been ignored. In fact,the medical professionalization in North America originated from the 17 th-18 th centuries. Before 19 th Century,professional elite doctors in North America included emigrant elite doctors from Europe,North American medical graduates from European universities and local universities,and a few famous doctors who received the training of apprenticeship. They established hospitals,medical colleges,and medical societies,regulated the practice of medicine and exclude irregular practitioners. In addition,these medical elites also constructed ideal images of doctors and expounded medical ethics publicly. The elite professional doctors’ pursuit of professionalization before the 19 th century took a place in the entire medical history,especially in the development of medical professionalization of the United States,and became the beginning of medical professionalization in North America.更多还原