【摘要】 集体化时期农民贫困表现为普遍的超支现象,允许超支行为的出现可视为政府对农户的道义补助,亦可视为新中国反贫困事业的历史起点。集中劳动和统一分配的集体化制度设计与实践是超支现象产生的制度根源。当分配所得大于劳动投入时出现超支现象,反映出集体化制度设计中的平均化:在量化劳动投入的同时,又要兼顾农户"生存伦理"的需求。这样的制度设计成为困难农户的生活保障,但也导致了公平与效率问题,造成超支的恶性循环,从而影响了集体经济的稳定性。尽管国家和农户为化解超支问题做了很多尝试,但直到农村实行家庭联产承包责任制,释放了改革红利,激发了农民发展生产的积极性,提高了资源配置效率和资源利用效率,才使超支问题得以彻底解决。这为当前实施乡村振兴战略、巩固脱贫成果和促进农村发展提供了重要的历史启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 Peasant poverty during the collectivization period manifested itself in widespread phenomenon of overspending households.Allowing overspending can be seen as a moral subsidy from the government to the farmers and a historical starting point for China’s anti-poverty cause.The design and practice of the collectivized system of centralized labor and uniform distribution is the institutional root of the overspending phenomenon.Overspending occurs when the distributed income is greater than the labor input, reflecting the averaging in the collectivization system: The collective quantifies labor inputs while taking into account the needs of farmers’ "survival ethics".Such system is designed to become a livelihood guarantee for farmers in need, but it also leads to problems of equity and efficiency, resulting in a vicious circle of overspending and thus affecting the stability of the collective economy.Although the state and farmers have made many attempts to solve the overspending problem, it was not until the widespread household contract responsibility system in rural areas released the reform dividend, motivated farmers to develop production, and improved the efficiency of resource allocation and resource utilization that the overspending problem was completely solved.This provides important historical insights for the current implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, consolidation of poverty eradication and promotion of rural development.更多还原