【摘要】 康德把道德主体的自主性(自由)中的理性方面(普遍性)和意志方面(应然性)区分开来,把两者的统一基础放在其先验哲学框架中的"伦理共同体"之上。黑格尔用他的"伦理生活"概念把道德主体从彼岸世界拉回来,放到其生活史的教养过程中来理解。但黑格尔在现代伦理生活中看到的是由理由之结晶所构成的客观精神与服膺理由的主观精神之间的和解而非冲突,而马克思通过意识形态批判却揭示出各种"理由"掩盖之下的社会权力和政治暴力。马克思认为,要反抗这种力量的压迫,首先必须为政治共同体的真正凝聚创造经济基础,而最终会导致资产阶级社会瓦解的那同一种经济危机,也将释放出导向一种新的社会整合形式的力量。但马克思未能看到,即使在一个摆脱了剥削和压迫的社会中,私人自主与公共自主都是缺一不可、互为前提的。对从康德经过黑格尔到马克思的复杂讨论的这种回顾告诉我们,为资本的充分运行提供条件的旨在避免危机的国家政治,不仅要满足后形上道德条件下的合法化要求,而且要满足多元文化条件下的社会凝聚要求;在当代世界,尤其在当代欧洲,同时满足这两个要求的那种政治文化,必须以公民们为创造性地解决其共同问题而进行的民主斗争的历史经验作为基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 Kant differentiates in the concept of autonomy(freedom) the side of reason(Universality) from the side of will(Ought), and bases the unity of the two on the "ethical community" within the framework of his transcendental philosophy. With the concept "ethical life" Hegel brings the moral subject back to this world from the other world, understanding her in the process of Buildung of her life-history. In modern ethical life Hegel saw more coherence than conflict between the Objective Spirit as the crystallization of reasons and the Subjective Spirit that obeys the force of reasons, but Marx, though his critique of ideology, discloses the societal power and the political violence behind various "reasons". In order to resist the oppression of these forces, economic basis should be created first of all for a true integration of the political community, and the same kind of economic crisis that will lead to the final collapse of the capitalist society will also release forces that will lead to a new form of societal integration. Marx, however, did not realize that even in a society freed from exploitation and oppression the private autonomy and the public autonomy must presuppose each other. This review of the complicated discussion from Kant through Hegel to Marx, in short, tells us that for a crisis-avoiding state-politics aimed to provide fully functioning condition for the capital, both the demand for legitimation under the condition of the post-metaphysical morality and the demand for societal integration under the condition of multi-culturalism should be met; and in our world, especially in today’s Europe, a political culture that meets both demands must be based on the historical experiences of the democratic struggle of the citizens in their creative efforts of addressing the problems that they all face.更多还原