【摘要】 青少年早期专项化训练(Early sport specialization,ESS)是关乎青少年竞技运动训练科学化的重要问题,也是国内外体育科学领域持续关注的热点问题。通过文献资料法,明晰青少年早期专项化的概念,梳理早期专项化的基本内涵,归纳青少年早期专项化训练的国际经验及可能导致的负面影响,提出青少年专项化训练科学化的应对之策。基于此,拟定如下学者共识:第一、青少年早期专项化训练是指在青春期之前围绕一个特定运动项目进行的高强度的训练;第二、尽管诸如体操、跳水等运动项目要求很早(6～9岁)进行专项化训练,但绝不能忽视早期专项化训练极易对动作技能学习、运动技能学习、体能训练科学化、长期职业生涯发展及身体健康等造成的不良影响;第三、对于大多数运动项目来说,青少年相对较晚的进行专项化训练、或早期进行多样化训练且在晚期进行高水平专项化训练,成年后在竞技体育领域获得成功的概率更高;第四、技术主导类项目可以在正确动作模式基础上开展早期专项化训练,训练过程中应高度关注动作质量,避免出现动作模式异常诱发运动损伤;第五、青少年专项训练科学化的根本在于建立集体能、技术、战术、心理、运动智商及人文素养于一体的训练体系;第六、青少年专项训练科学化的关键在于依据生理年龄和身体机能发育特征,强化青少年各个时期体能训练科学化;第七、青少年早期专项化训练的综合应对策略为:选择合适的早期专项化训练时机、构建青少年长期发展模型、强化青少年多样化训练、训练与监控充分结合,以及建立与年龄相适应的赛事体系;第八、倡导以健康和快乐作为青少年参与体育运动的价值导向,以培养终身体育素养作为青少年参与体育运动的根本目标。更多还原

【Abstract】 Early sports specialization(ESS) is an important issue related to the scientific training of young people’s competitive sports, and it is also a hot issue in the field of sports science internationally. Through the review of literature, the concept of early sports specialization is clarified, the basic connotation of early sports specialization is discussed, the international experience of early sports specialization training and its possible negative effects are summarized, and the coping strategies of scientific sports specialization training are put forward. There was consensus as follows: First, early special training for young people refers to the high intensity of training carried out around a specific sport before puberty; second, although such sports as gymnastics and diving require early specialized training, there must be no neglect of the adverse effects of early specialized training on motor skills learning, motor skills learning, scientific physical training, long-term career development and physical health;third,For most sports, young people are more likely to be successful in the field of competitive sports when they reach adulthood through relatively late specialized training or early diversified training and high-level specialized training; Forth,technical leading projects can carry out early special training on the basis of correct movement patterns, and should always pay close attention to the quality of action during the training process and avoid the emergence of different movement patterns;Fifth,the scientific basis of special training for young people lies in the establishment of a training system that integrates physical, technical, tactical, psychological ability, sports intelligence and humanistic literacy; Sixth, the key to scientific special training for young people lies in: strengthening the scientific physical training of young people in all periods according to their physiological age and physical function development;Seventh, comprehensive coping strategies of early-stage special training for adolescents: choosing appropriate early specific training timing, the construction of a long-term youth development model, strengthen youth diversity training, efficient combination of training and monitoring, as well as the establishment of age-appropriate competition system; eighth, advocate health and happiness as the value-oriented youth participation in sports, to cultivate lifelong sports literacy as the fundamental goal of youth participation in sports activity.更多还原