【摘要】 明朝北部和西部面临着巨大的军事压力。对此,明初一方面通过对蒙古草原大规模用兵,企图清除蒙古贵族的威胁;另一方面也希望在西域站稳脚跟,维护帝国北部的战略安全。但明廷在西域的经营明显消极、软弱,在具体措施上,对以哈密卫为首的关西七卫施以羁縻,并且不派流官,不驻甲兵,不兴屯垦,不课赋税,不预纠纷,仅将期望寄托于七卫部族首领。从长时段的影响来看,这直接导致明朝在与北元漫长拉锯战中毫无战略威慑的优势。相较之下,在与关西七卫有相似战略地位的西番诸卫,明廷垄断茶马贸易,采取因俗而治的宗教政策,实行土流参治的管理办法,如此刚柔并济的措施使明廷对西番诸卫的掌控明显强于关西七卫。因此,明初西域策略是失误的,是明中叶闭关绝贡、放弃西域的重要原因。更多还原

【Abstract】 The north and west of Ming dynasty faced serious military threat.On the one hand,the Ming court tried to eliminate the threat of the Mongol aristocracy through direct large-scale use of troops to the Mongolian steppe.on the other hand,it also hoped to maintain the strategic security of the northern part of the empire through establishing a foothold in the Western Region.But compared with the former,the management strategy of the Ming Dynasty in the Western Region is more negative and weak.In terms of concrete measures,Jimi system is used to the seven garrisons in the west of Jiayu Pass,which headed by the Hami garrison,and there is no central officials,no central troops,no army farming,no taxes and no mediators,and the expectation was fully placed on the aboriginal leaders of the Western Region.From the influence of the long period of time,it directly leads to no strategic deterrent advantage in the long tug of war between north Yuan government and Ming government.By contrast,in the area of"He Huang",which has similar strategic location with the Western Region,the Ming court set up Xifan garrisons,where Ming government sent officials and appointed aboriginal leaders with the rigid and soft management policy.The management method and the effect was obviously better than the seven garrisons of the west of Jiayu Pass.Therefore,management strategy of the western region in the early Ming dynasty was a mistake,which was an important reason for the closure of Jiayu Pass in the mid-ming dynasty and the abandonment of the Western Region.更多还原