【摘要】 【目的】长期不同施肥处理影响土壤磷库和土壤性质的变化。研究不同施肥处理下黑土磷的吸附解析特征及其与土壤性质的响应关系,为黑土合理施用磷肥,提高磷有效性提供理论依据。【方法】本研究依托于公主岭黑土肥力长期定位试验,供试作物为玉米。选取不施肥（CK）、施氮、钾肥（NK）、氮磷钾平衡施肥（NPK）、氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）4个处理。取1990、2000和2010年的0—20 cm土层的土壤样品,分析土壤性质,测定磷的吸附解吸值,并用Langmuir方程拟合了磷的吸附曲线,计算磷最大吸附量(Q_max)、磷吸附常数（K）、最大缓冲容量（MBC）、磷吸附饱和度（DPS）以及土壤易解吸磷（RDP）。【结果】Langmuir吸附等温线方程能很好的拟合土壤吸附磷和相应的平衡溶液磷浓度曲线（R²=0.93—0.99）。不同施肥处理磷吸附解吸特征参数具有明显的差异。随试验年限的增加,不同处理各特征参数变化不尽相同,与1990年相比,2010年不施磷处理（CK和NK）,Q_max值分别增加了1.83和1.61倍,MBC值分别增加了0.80%和49.40%,DPS值分别降低了92.04%和87.50%,RDP值分别降低了20.00%和82.83%;NPK处理Q_max和DPS值分别增加了81.39%和90.74%,MBC和RDP值分别降低了79.37%和48.57%;NPKM处理Q_max和MBC值分别降低了33.35%和78.52%,DPS和RDP值分别增加了11.36倍和1.48倍。施肥21年后,与CK和NPK处理相比,NPKM处理的Q_max值降低了64.66%和49.52%,MBC值降低了81.87%和79.56%,DPS值增加了110和3.81倍,RDP值增加了4.36倍和78.57%。NPKM处理显著增加了土壤全磷（Total-P）、有效磷（Olsen-P）、有机质（SOM）和CaCO₃含量,降低了比表面积,维持pH、游离铁铝氧化物值不变。冗余分析结果表明:SOM和Total-P是造成磷吸附解吸特征参数差异的主要因素,分别解释了全部变异的49.5%和18.7%（P<0.05）。【结论】长期有机无机配施可显著增加SOM和土壤中磷素累积,降低土壤对磷的吸附能力,增加土壤对磷的解吸,提高土壤磷的有效性,但同时显著提高了土壤磷吸附饱和度,易引起磷素流失的风险,对于NPKM处理应考虑有机肥与无机肥的投入量。更多还原

【Abstract】 【Objective】Fertilizer is generally added to agricultural soil to meet the needs of crop production, but long-term over fertilization changes soil phosphorus（P） pool and soil properties. This study evaluated the characteristics change of P adsorption and desorption and its response to soil properties under long-term fertilization, to do a favor to provide theoretical basis of rational fertilizer application and improve the P availability of black soil.【Method】 Four treatments, including no fertilizer（CK）, urea and potash sulphate（NK）, urea, super-calcium phosphate and potash sulphate（NPK）, and NPK plus pig manure（NPKM）, were investigated in a 21-year（1989-2010） long-term fertilization experiment at Gongzhuling（Jilin Province） of China. The crop of cropping system was maize. Soil samples were collected in 1990, 2000 and 2010 at 0-20 cm depth to analyze soil properties and to measure soil P adsorption and desorption characteristics. Langmuir equation was used to fit the P adsorption curve, and then the maximum adsorption capacity(Q_max), adsorption constant（K）, buffering capacity of soil P（MBC）, and P sorption saturation（DPS） were calculated according to Langmuir equation.【Result】There was a good fitness between the P adsorption curve and Langmuir equation（R2=0.93-0.99, P<0.01）. There existed difference for P adsorption and desorption characteristic under the four treatments. Over time, compared with initial year, for CK and NK treatments, the Q_max value increased by 1.83 and 1.61 times, MBC value increased by 0.80% and 49.40%, DPS value decreased by 92.04% and 87.50%, Readily Desorbable Phosphorus（RDP） value decreased by 20.00% and 82.83%, respectively; for NPK treatment, Q_max and DPS value increased by 81.87% and 79.56%, MBC and RDP value decreased by 79.37% and 48.57%, respectively, while under NPKM treatment, the Q_max and MBC value decreased by 33.35% and 78.52%, DPS and RDP values increased by 11.36 and 1.48 times, respectively. After 21 years experiments, compared with CK and NPK treatments, the Q_max and MBC value of NPKM treatment decreased by 64.66% and 49.52%, 81.87% and 79.56%, respectively; the DPS and RDP value of NPKM treatment increased by 110 and 3.81 times, 4.36 times and 78.57%, respectively. Compared with other treatments, the Total-P, Olsen-P, soil organic matter（SOM） and CaCO₃ contents increased and SSA decreased significantly, but the p H, free Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ value kept unchanged under NPKM treatment. RDA test showed that SOM and Total-P were the main factors that explained 49.5% and 18.7% of the total variation（P<0.05） which caused the difference of P adsorption desorption characteristic parameters among four treatments.【Conclusion】Long-term combination of NPK fertilizers with manures could significantly increase SOM and P accumulation contents, decrease the soil adsorption capacity and increase desorption capacity, and improve P availability in soil, but it significantly increased the DPS value, easily thereby caused the risk of phosphorus loss. Therefore, various management practices and inorganic and organic P fertilizer input amounts should be considered to reduce P losses from this area.更多还原