【摘要】 在明朝茶马贸易的不同阶段,私茶产生的原因各不相同,其作用亦不尽相同。在第一阶段,私茶产生于不合理的茶马比价,但这一时期的私茶尚不足以导致官营茶马贸易的破坏。在第二阶段,官营茶叶运输难有作为导致官营茶马贸易几近瘫痪,私茶正是在这一背景下抢占了官营茶马贸易市场,直至泛滥成灾。由于私茶泛滥,不合理的茶马比价已不再是破坏官营茶马贸易的罪魁祸首。在第三阶段,新的茶马贸易引进商人参与,既解决了长期困扰朝廷的茶叶运输问题,又缓解了朝廷资金短缺之难,恢复了长期停办的"纳马差发"。而此阶段私茶主要表现为无"引"茶商增多;运输中"夹带"私茶增多;将质次价高的茶叶交与官府,好茶留给自行销售,牟取暴利。更多还原

【Abstract】 Private tea appeared for different reasons,and played different roles in different stages of the Ming Dynasty’ s tea-horse trade. In the first stage,private tea appeared because of an unreasonable tea-horse price ratio,but private tea was not enough to cause the destruction of official tea-horse trade in this period. In the second stage,the difficulties in official tea ’ s transportation nearly caused the paralysis of the official tea-horse trade,and private tea grasped the market opportunity under this circumstance,and finally flooded. Owing to the floods of private tea,unreasonable teahorse price ratio was no longer the main culprit destroying the official tea-horse trade. In the third stage,new tea-horse trade brought in the participation of traders, which solved the tea ’ s transportation problem troubling the court, alleviated the difficulty of the court ’ s financial shortage,and restored the long-suspended" Na ma chai fa "( horse levy). In this period,private tea mainly presented as increase of tea traders without " yin "( official pass); "jiadai "( smuggling) private tea increased in transportation; traders handed low-quality and high-price tea to local official government,and kept better tea for their own sale so as to seek huge profits.更多还原