【摘要】 文字系统、冶金技术、设防城市、大型礼仪中心是判定存在国家的四大黄金指标。只要某个考古学文化满足其中的一项指标,就可以推定那里必定存在国家组织和统治形式。但是,四大指标都不是国家本质属性及特有属性的直接标志物,只是判定存在国家的代用指标。它们都是国家及文明的产物,而国家及文明不是它们的产物。许多学者将四者具备视为判定存在国家组织的必要条件,只要某个考古学文化缺失其中一项,便断然否定那里曾经存在国家组织。这种做法是不恰当的。原因很简单,并非所有的国家和文明都具备四大指标。在研究中国国家及文明起源时,我们不应削足适履地套用这些不适用的指标,而应实事求是地探索合理的具有普适性的指标。更多还原

【Abstract】 Writing system,metallurgy,defended city and large-scale ritual center were four golden indexes to judge the existence of state. If one archeological site meets one of the four indexes,it can be presumed to have existed the organization and ruling form of state. However, none of the four indexes belong to essential attributes of state or direct marker of state,but a substitutive index to judge existence of state. They were the product of state and its civilization,but state and civilization were not their product. Many scholars regard the four indexes as the essential conditions to judge the existence of state. If one archeological site defaults one of the indexes,then it could be refuted to exist a state there. It is improper to do so. The reason is very simple:not all states and civilizations have these four indexes. In the research on origin of Chinese state and civilization,we should not cut our feet to fit the shoes,but explore a reasonable index according to real facts.更多还原