【摘要】 近年来,随着我国航空航天事业的飞速发展,高温合金的年产量逐年增加,与此同时,制造过程中产生的高温合金废料也越来越多,废料的堆积造成了严重的资源浪费和环境污染。近来,由于金属学及材料学等多学科交叉融合并发展迅速,国内在高温合金废料及其返回料回收再利用方面取得了一定的研究进展,但与欧美等发达国家相比仍存在巨大的差距。高温合金回收效率受其牌号、组成等因素的影响。传统的湿法、火法、湿法火法结合工艺很难从根本上取得突破。因此,近年来除了在基本工艺的基础上进行优化改进外,研究者们主要从预处理、选择合理的浸出液及电解液、设计高效萃取剂、合成新型分离材料等方面不断尝试,并取得了阶段性成果,在充分发挥现有回收工艺效率的同时大幅提升了高温合金中主要元素的回收效率。迄今为止,能成功实现较高效率地回收高温合金废料的方法主要包括酸浸法、电解法、离子交换法、萃取法等。其中,酸浸法应用得最早,可采用酸液浸出法对含铼高温合金废料进行回收再利用。优化工艺参数可使高温合金废料中铼浸出率达99%以上,但回收效率受钝化膜的阻碍逐渐降低且产生废酸、废气,因此其发展受到限制。近年来,采用直流电源,以合金为阳极、石墨为阴极,在氯化物的电解液中能有效破除合金废料在电化学溶解过程中的钝化膜,显著提升回收效率,备受研究者的青睐。在电解的基础上以有机溶剂为电解液、氯化物为电解质,结合萃取、离子交换及吸附等工艺,实现对合金废料中元素的分类回收,为高温合金废料绿色可持续回收提供了可能。本文从废料的来源与特性及回收工艺两方面总结了高温合金废料回收再利用的研究进展,着重对国内外湿法、火法、湿法火法结合工艺进行了介绍,并分析了高温合金废料回收技术的未来研究方向,以期为这一领域的相关研究和工程应用提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years,with the rapid development of China’s aerospace industry,the annual output of superalloy is hitting record highs. At the same time,more and more superalloy scraps are produced in the manufacturing process,and the accumulation of scraps leads to serious waste of resources and environmental pollution.Thanks to the multi-disciplinary cross-integration development of metallurgy and materials science,the domestic research on the recovery and reuse of superalloy scrap and its return scrap has got some achievements,but there is still a huge gap against developed countries such as Europe and America.The recovery efficiency of superalloys is affected by their grades and composition. It is difficult to make fundamental breakthroughs by adopting traditional processes like pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,and combination of pyro and hydrometallurgy. Therefore,in recent years,in addition to optimize and improve these basic technology,the researchers have tried continuously from pretreatment,selecting reasonable leachate and electrolyte,designing high-efficiency extractant,synthesizing new separation materials,etc.,and have acquired noticeable results. Therefore,the potential of existing recycling processes can be fully achieved,while the recovery efficiency of the main elements in the superalloy is also improved greatly.So far,the high-efficiency recovery methods of superalloy scraps mainly include acid leaching,electrolysis,ion exchange,extraction,etc. Among them,the acid leaching method was the earliest to get applied,and the single crystal superalloy scraps containing Re can be recycled by this method. By optimizing the process parameters,the leaching rate of Re in the single crystal superalloy scraps can exceed 99%,but the recovery efficiency is gradually reduced due to the hindrance of the passivation film,and moreover,the leaching process produces waste acid and waste gas. For the past few years,the electrolytic process with DC power supply,alloy anode and graphite cathode has attained researchers’ interest,as it can effectively breaks the passivation film of the alloy scraps in the dissolution process,and in consequence,greatly improves the recovery efficiency. By using extraction,ion exchange and adsorption processes,a combinatorial methodology which incorporates electrolysis and subsequent processes,i.e. extraction,ion exchange,adsorption,can realize the classification and recovery of elements in alloy scraps. It provides a possibility for green and sustainable recycling of superalloy scraps.This paper offers a summary over research progress of the recovery and reuse of superalloy scraps,from the perspectives of sources and characteristics of the scraps and the recovery process,with emphasis on pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,and combination of pyro and hydrometallurgy. In addition,the future research direction of the superalloy scraps recovery technology is analyzed,with a view to providing references for relevant research and engineering applications in this field.更多还原