【摘要】 黄河三角洲荒地资源丰富,对这些荒地的开垦、改良和培育是保障国家粮食安全的需要,也是贯彻国家"藏粮于地、藏粮于技"战略的必然要求。为了探明增施有机肥和生物肥在黄河三角洲新开垦荒地地力培育和稻谷增产中的作用,于2017年在该区设置田间小区试验,研究增施有机肥和生物肥对土壤理化性状、稻谷产量及其构成的影响。试验共设6个处理, CK:不施肥;CG:常规施肥;CGY1:常规施肥+有机肥2 250 kg/hm~2;CGY2:常规施肥+有机肥4 500 kg/hm~2;CGS1:常规施肥+生物肥2 250 kg/hm~2;CGS2:常规施肥+生物肥4 500 kg/hm~2。结果表明,增施有机肥和生物肥后土壤碱解氮含量较试验前显著提高,除CGS处理外较其它处理常规施肥显著降低,且处理CGY2降幅达34.06%。处理CGS2土壤Olsen-P含量较试验前显著提升,其余处理均有所下降;与CG相比,处理CGY2和CGS2土壤Olsen-P含量分别显著提升4.52%和25.38%。各施肥处理土壤有机质含量较试验前均显著减少,与CG处理相比,处理CGY2和CGS2显著提升了土壤有机质含量。增施有机肥和生物肥降低了土壤全盐含量,土壤速效钾显著降低。与CG相比,处理CGY1对产量及其构成因素影响较小,处理CGY2、CGS1和CGS2通过提高二次枝梗数和有效穗数,显著提高了稻谷产量,提高幅度最高达40.27%。施肥特别是增施有机肥和生物肥使稻谷籽粒长、宽及周长变短,投影面积变小,千粒重降低。增施有机肥和生物肥通过提高单位面积穗数显著提升了稻谷产量,但对新开垦荒地肥力提升效果有限,必须与秸秆还田等其他培肥途径相结合才有望达到理想效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 There are many wastelands in the Yellow River Delta. Their reclamation, improvement and cultivation are necessary to ensure national food security, and are also an inevitable requirement for the implementation of the national strategy of "collecting grain in the ground and storing grain in technology". In order to ascertain the role of increasing organic and biological fertilizers in the new reclaimed land fertility and rice production in the Yellow River Delta, a field experiment was set up in 2017 to study their influences on soil physicochemical characteristics, rice yield and its components. Six treatments were set up including CK(no fertilization), CG(conventional fertilization), CGY1(2 250 kg/hm~2 of organic fertilizer based on conventional fertilization), CGY2(4 500 kg/hm~2 of organic fertilizer based on conventional fertilization), CGS1(2 250 kg/hm~2 of biological fertilizer based on conventional fertilization) and CGS2(4 500 kg/hm~2 of biological fertilizer based on conventional fertilization). The results showed that the amount of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in soil increased significantly after increasing application of organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer, and was significantly lower than that of conventional fertilization except CGS treatment. The decline of treatment CGY2 was even greater with the decreasing amplitude of 34.06%. The Olsen-P content in CGS2 was significantly higher than that before treatment, while that of the other treatments all decreased. Compared with CG, the Olsen-P contents of CGY2 and CGS2 significantly increased, by 4.52% and 25.38%, respectively. The content of soil organic matter in all fertilization treatments decreased significantly compared with that before treatments. Compared with CG, the treatments of CGY2 and CGS2 significantly increased the soil organic matter content. The increasing application of organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer reduced the total salt content in soil, and decreased the soil available potassium significantly. Compared with CG, the treatment of CGY1 had little effects on yield and its components. Treatments of CGY2, CGS1 and CGS2 significantly increased the yield of rice by increasing the number of secondary branches and effective panicles, and the increase range was up to 40.27%. Fertilization, especially the increasing application of organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer, made the length, width and perimeter of rice grains shorter and the projected area smaller, and decreased the grain weight. Increasing organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer could significantly increase rice yield by increasing the number of panicles per unit area, but had limited effect on the improvement of fertility of new reclaimed wasteland, thus, it must be combined with other fertilization methods such as straw returning to achieve the desired effect.更多还原