【摘要】 跳台滑雪过程主要涉及弹道学和空气动力学因素,这主要决定了该项目的研究要求。从起跳台起跳瞬间跳台滑雪运动员身体重心的速度和位置决定了跳台滑雪飞行轨迹和飞行距离。空气动力学因素涵盖了运动员/滑雪板系统空气动力特性的各个方面。跳台滑雪过程通常分为4个不同的阶段:助滑、起跳、飞行和着陆。讨论总结跳台滑雪不同阶段所涉及的空气动力学研究成果,大多采用风洞试验测量或计算机模拟与实地现场研究相结合等方法。空气动力学在这些阶段中均起着重要的作用,且飞行阶段的研究最多。跳台滑雪飞行方式经历了由传统直立方式到V型方式的转变过程;助滑姿态是减小空气阻力以及提高助滑速度的关键;起跳及其随后的过渡到飞行阶段被认为是最重要的阶段,因为它们决定了运动员在飞行中初始条件和最终姿态;运动员/滑雪板系统飞行姿态对飞行阶段空气动力特性至关重要,同时运动装备(滑雪板和跳台滑雪服)、体重以及风环境等在飞行阶段也起着很大的作用;采用V型方式飞行着陆时会出现地面升力效应。建议在开展跳台滑雪空气动力学研究时重视滑雪板姿态以其结构参数、户外现场环境等因素。计算流体力学(CFD)和智能化风洞实验训练馆是跳台滑雪空气动力学研究领域未来可能的发展方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ski jumping performance involves ballistic and aerodynamic factors, which primarily determine the research requirements of the winter sport. Ski jumper’s velocity and position of the body center of mass at the release instant from the take-off table quantify the flight trajectory and the length of the jump. Aerodynamic factors cover all aspects of aerodynamic characteristics of the jumper/skis system. Ski jumping performance is often divided into four different phases: in-run, take-off, flight, and landing. In this paper, aerodynamic research results involved in different phases of ski jumping have been discussed and reviewed, in which a good mixture of wind tunnel measurements, computer simulations and field studies has been used mostly. Aerodynamics plays important role during each of these phases and the flight phase has been studied most. The flight style has experienced the transformation from the classic vertical style to the V-style. The position during in-run phase ia the key to reduce aerodynamic drag and increase inrun speed. Take-off and its subsequent transition into flight phase are considered the most important phases as they determine jumper’s initial conditions and final position during the flight. The attitude of athlete/skis system is very important to aerodynamic characteristics, where the equipment(skis and suits), weight and wind have a big role as well in flight phase. Ground lift effect will been seen in landing phase with V-style. In addition, it is suggested that attention should be paid to the skis’ posture and structural parameters, and outdoor environment in aerodynamics research in ski jumping. Meanwhile, the developing direction in future could be computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and intelligent wind tunnel experimental and training venue.更多还原