【摘要】 为了研究分心对交通冲突状态下驾驶人反应时间的影响,采用驾驶模拟器构建城市道路交通环境下2种典型冲突形态:侧向行人冲突和纵向追尾冲突,设计认知、视觉以及发短信(认知+视觉复合分心)3种分心任务,在不同行驶车速、跟车时距、前车减速度等紧迫度条件下,采集30名驾驶人应对交通冲突的制动反应时间,分别采用重复测量一般线性模型及线性混合模型进行统计分析。研究结果表明:认知分心使驾驶人应对侧向行人冲突的制动反应时间增加0.09s,但未观察到其对纵向追尾冲突反应时间的显著性影响;视觉分心与发短信都会延缓驾驶人应对侧向行人(分别增加0.31s和0.27s)以及纵向追尾冲突(分别增加0.47s和0.38s)的制动反应时间;此外,在纵向追尾冲突中,随着冲突紧迫度提高(前车减速度增大、车头时距减小以及自车速度增大),驾驶人制动反应时间显著减小。表明驾驶分心延长了驾驶人应对交通冲突的反应时间,容易导致事故的发生,具体而言,认知分心主要延长驾驶人应对侧向冲突的反应时间,涉及视觉的分心同时延长驾驶人应对侧向及纵向冲突的反应时间;视觉分心对驾驶人反应时间的延长显著性高于认知分心,说明视觉分心对行车安全影响更大。更多还原

【Abstract】 To investigate the effect of driver distraction on drivers’reaction time to traffic conflicts,we used a driving simulator to construct two typical traffic conflicts in city-road traffic environments:lateral pedestrian crossing conflict and longitudinal rear-end conflict.Three types of distracted tasks,including cognitive,visual and text(cognitive+ visual combined)distraction tasks,were designed.In the conditions of different speeds,following time headway and lead vehicle deceleration,brake reaction times(BRT)from 30 participants responding to the conflicts were collected,and modeled by the repeated measures general linear model and the linear mixed model.The results show that cognitive distraction produces a 0.09 sincrement in the BRT to lateral pedestrian crossing conflict compared to baseline,whereas no significant effects on the BRT to longitudinal rear-end conflict are observed;visual distraction and text,however,increasethe drivers’BRT to both lateral pedestrian crossing(0.31 sincrement for visual distraction and0.27 sfor text)and longitudinal rear-end(0.47 sincrement for visual distraction and 0.38 sfor text)conflicts.In addition,in the longitudinal rear-end conflict,with the increase in situational urgency(the increase in lead vehicle deceleration,the decrease in following time headway,and the increase in own-vehicle speed),drivers’BRT significantly decreased.Our results suggest that,driver distraction increases drivers’BRT to traffic conflicts,thus causing traffic accidents.Specifically,cognitive distraction primarily increases BRT to lateral conflicts,whereas visualrelated distractions increase BRT to both lateral and longitudinal conflicts.Visual distraction leads to higher increment in BRT than cognitive distraction,indicating that visual distraction has larger effects on driving safety than cognitive distraction.更多还原