【摘要】 1824年美国印第安人事务管理局的创立,虽然相当程度上是对政策传统惯例的延续,但在更深层次上,则是美国与印第安人之间原先以无政府状态为主要特色的政治关系与互处模式逐渐难以为继、不得不适时改变的一种阶段性制度革新和过渡性制度安排。1849年该局由陆军部移转到内政部,既是上述趋势的继续,也表明矛盾在深化。随后,就该局的归属问题,发生了一场长达几十年的激烈争论。辩论双方虽有诸多分歧,但在推进印第安人"文明化"与内政化方向上,却没有实质差异。争论最终以美国印第安人事务管理局隶属于内政部而告终,这固然是美国强权政治与殖民主义的结果,但也是无政府状态无法有效解决同一地域下不同种族和族群的共处问题,因而必定走向终结的明证。更多还原

【Abstract】 To a large extent, the establishment of BIA(Bureau of Indian Affair) in 1824 was a continuation of traditional practice of the American Indian policy, and a by-product of the political struggle then, but on a deeper level, it was a temporary institutional evolution and transitional institutional arrangement to correct the existing anarchical state between the Americans and the American Indians. The Bureau’s transfer from the War Department to the Department of Interior in 1849 symbolized not only the continuation of the above-mentioned trend, but the intensifying contradictions. Subsequently, a fierce argument that lasted for decades occurred, centering around the issue of whether the Bureau should be retransferred to the War Department or be retained in the Department of Interior, or whether it should even be made an independent federal department. Contradicted ideas occurred on many minor points concerning this issue, such as whether the military policy or the peace policy should be implemented first, and whether dominant positions of the Bureau should be occupied by military officers or civil governors and so on. However, the disputing sides share similar ideas on more fundamental issues, that is, to conjunct both policies to promote the "civilization" and assimilation of the American Indians. Due to power politics and colonialism of the U.S, especially the failure of the mode of anarchy to effectively solve the problem of coexistence among multi-racial or multi-ethnic groups, the debate ended, with the Bureau retained in the Department of Interior.更多还原