【摘要】 微生物主导的硝化作用是生态系统中氮素循环的关键过程,其不仅与酸雨、温室气体、水体富营养化等环境问题的发生有关,还作用于土壤中氮素营养的转化,与人类生产生活密切相关。土壤生态系统中进行硝化作用的微生物包括细菌、古细菌、真菌等。这些微生物根据自身能量代谢类型的不同,利用不同的生物酶进行着不同机制的硝化作用。本文综述了目前已报道的生态系统中进行自养(经典自养硝化和全程氨氧化)和异养硝化作用的微生物类群、硝化作用关键酶及其编码基因类型、其在生态系统中多样的分布特征,以及其前沿的分子生态学研究方法。同时对不同类型硝化微生物类群今后的研究热点提出了展望,以期为系统地研究土壤生态系统中硝化微生物提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Microbial nitrification is a key process of nitrogen cycling in ecosystems. It is not only related to the occurrence of environmental problems such as acid rain,greenhouse gases and water eutrophication,but also plays an important role in the nutrient conversion of nitrogen in soil and it is closely related with human life. The microbes which are involved in soil nitrification include bacteria,archaea and fungi. According to their different types of energy metabolism,these microorganisms use different enzymes to carry out nitrification by different mechanisms. In this paper,the microbial groups that are reported to be autotrophic( classical autotrophic nitrification and full ammoxidation) and heterotrophic nitrification in ecosystems are reviewed. The key enzymes of nitrification and their coding gene types are summarized,their distribution characteristics in ecosystems are diverse,and its frontier molecular ecology research methods are reviewed. At the same time,the prospect of different types of nitrifying microorganisms in the future is put forward,in order to provide a reference for the systematic study of nitrifying microorganisms in soil ecosystem.更多还原