【摘要】 交换作为经济研究的逻辑起点是中国改革开放40年经验的重要内容,根据马克思唯物史观的理论,必须从历史演进中对其进行现实和理论分析。基于马克思对交换的定义,文章提出交换关系的概念,从四个维度提炼中国改革开放40年来交换关系的演变,分别呈现出交换关系主体市场化、客体多元化、载体虚拟化、利益悬殊化的特征。文章沿袭马克思主义政治经济学传统,将这一演变纳入生产力和生产关系两方面作用机制中,从科技进步、劳动能力、新型分工三方面阐明了生产力对交换关系的作用路径,并且从生产关系演变中论述了利益关系对交换关系的影响,以此总结出我国交换关系演变机理。为了使我国今后的交换关系朝着服务于实现人民群众日益增长的美好生活需要的方向发展,今后需发挥科学技术的引领作用,大力提高人民群众的科技文化水平,构建新时代和谐劳资关系,加强虚拟经济领域的监管和立法,坚持改革开放信念不动摇,发挥"两个作用",解决"两个失灵"。更多还原

【Abstract】 Exchange,as the start of economic research,is one of the important aspects of China’s experience in 40-year reform and opening up.Based on Marx’s materialist conception of history,it is necessary to analyze its reality and theory in historic progress.According to Marx’s definition of exchange,we put forward the concept of exchange relations as:the economic relations between different subjects in the process of exchanging products or labor in the market.Meanwhile,we refine its characteristics in four dimensions as:marketization of subject,diversification of object,virtualization of carrier,and disparity of interests,which exert strong influences over China’s social economy.Based on the above and following Marxism political economy tradition,we incorporate these characteristics into the mechanisms of productivity and production relations to summarize China’s evolution path.Firstly,we clarify the decisive role of productivity to exchange relations from the technological perspective:(1)technological progress is the most direct driving force to improve productivity;(2)the ability to master technology is the core of labor;(3)the new labor division patterns spur technology transformation.Since reform and opening up,attention from China’s successive leaders has led to technological continuous progress and rapid improvement of productivity,which produce changes in the subject,object and carrier of exchange relations.Then,we discuss the promote effect of production relations to exchange relations from the benefit perspective:(1)the ownership of the means of production,as the core content of production relations,determines the essence of exchange relations;(2)people’s status and relationship in production reflect exchange relations and reproduce it;(3)the form of product distribution determines the harmony degree of the means of consumption in exchange relations.Since reform and opening up,China has transformed in two aspects:from the ownership by the whole people to the multi-ownership with public ownership as the main body,and from the single distribution form to a diversified distribution form.These transformations lead to diversified social interest and income disparity,thereby complicating the means of consumption in exchange relations.In the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics,it is necessary to take some actions to enable exchange relations to work for people’s growing needs for better life,including making full use of the leading role of science and technology,improving the scientific and cultural level vigorously,building harmonious labor relations in the new era,strengthening supervision and legislation in the field of virtual economy,having confidence in the reform and opening up policy,and exerting the"two roles"to solve the"two failures".更多还原