【摘要】 目的了解西安市小学生的营养状况和膳食结构,为调整学生合理膳食、制定科学有效的干预措施提供依据。方法采取整群抽样的方法,于2017年9月至10月抽取在西安市城区(雁塔区、莲湖区、新城区、碑林区、未央区和长安区)就读的小学高年级学生(9~11岁),共计723名。测量身高、体重,采用体质指数(BMI)评价学生的健康状况,并调研学生的饮食习惯及就餐地点等,分析其膳食结构,评价各营养素摄入情况。结果学生体重正常率为77.0%,体重偏低率为9.1%,超重及肥胖率为13.8%;男生体重偏低率明显低于女生,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=7.377,P<0.05),而体重正常率、超重及肥胖率均高于女生,但差异无统计学意义(χ~2值分别为0.244、2.771,均P>0.05)。在学校食堂、小饭桌或家庭饭桌就餐的学生营养状况并无显著差异(χ~2=0.197,P>0.05)。学生膳食结构中,水产类、水果类和豆制品所占比例偏低,达到推荐摄入量的人数分别占30.0%、18.5%、9.1%;三大营养素中脂肪和蛋白质的摄入量比较充足,碳水化合物的摄入量占比稍显不足,平均男生摄入量为262.0g/d、女生为221.9g/d;维生素A、维生素B2、钙、锌等营养素的摄入量均存在不足,低于推荐摄入量。学生总能量摄入量基本满足要求,但脂肪供能比偏高,男生达到35.0%,女生35.9%。结论小学生营养状况整体较好,但膳食结构不够合理。需要加强营养教育,改善学生饮食习惯,提高营养水平;同时家庭和学校食堂应供应品种丰富均衡的餐食。更多还原

【Abstract】 Objective To understand the nutritional status and dietary structure of elementary school students in Xi’an and to provide basis for adjusting reasonable diet and formulating scientific and effective intervention measures for the pupils.Methods A total of723 high-level graders in primary school(9 to 11 years old)during September to October 2017 in urban area of Xi’an city(Yanta District,Lianhu District,Xincheng District,Beilin District,Weiyang District,and Chang’an District)were selected by cluster sampling.The health status of the students was evaluated by measuring height and weight and body mass index(BMI).And some information such as dietary habits and dining places was investigated to analyze the dietary structure to evaluate the nutrient intake among the pupils.Results Among the pupils,rate of normal weight was 77.0%,the rate of low weight was 9.1%,and the rate of overweight and obesity was 13.8%.The rate of low weight in boys was significantly lower than that in girls,and the difference was statistically significant(χ~2=7.377,P<0.05).And the rates of normal weight,overweight and obesity in boys were higher than those in girls,but the differences were not significant(χ~2 value was 0.244 and 2.771,respectively,both P>0.05).There was no significant difference in the nutritional status of pupils dining at school canteens,daycare centers or at home(χ~2=0.197,P>0.05).In the dietary structure of pupils,the proportion of aquatic products,fruits and soy products was low,and the number of pupils who reached the recommended intake accounted for 30.0%,18.5% and 9.1%,respectively.Among the three nutrients,the intake of fat and protein was relatively sufficient,while the intake of carbohydrates was slightly less.And the average intake of carbohydrates was 262.0 g/d for boys and 221.9 g/d for girls.The intake of vitamin A,vitamin B2,calcium,zinc and other nutrients was insufficient,which was lower than the recommended intake.The total energy intake of pupils basically met the requirements,but the proportion of fat supply was relatively high with 35.0%for boys and 35.9%for girls.Conclusion The overall nutritional status of elementary school students is relatively good.However,their dietary structures are not reasonable enough.It is necessary to strengthen nutrition education,improve student dietary habits,and improve nutrition levels.Meanwhile,family and student canteens should provide pupils with rich variety and reasonable meals.更多还原