【摘要】 本研究利用国家卫生计生委2014年中国家庭发展追踪调查数据,对1975年(含1975年)之后结婚的18~59周岁分城乡初婚夫妇的婚龄匹配和教育匹配及其变动情况进行分析。研究结果表明我国城乡初婚夫妇的婚龄匹配依然以传统的"男大女小"模式为主流形态,主要介于丈夫小妻子1岁到丈夫大妻子4岁之间;随着时代的变迁,总体上看,农村和城镇初婚夫妇平均婚龄差(绝对值)的均值呈上升趋势;农村和城镇初婚夫妇受教育程度越高,越倾向于找年龄相同或相近的配偶。在初婚夫妇教育匹配上,同质婚和异质婚中的"男高女低"仍是中国城乡婚姻匹配的主要形式,教育匹配的同质婚更多地表现为夫妇双方自身的受教育程度的对等;由于教育普及、高校扩招以及妇女经济社会地位逐步上升、性别平等推动等因素的影响,女性的受教育程度不断提高,两性教育水平差异不断缩小,初婚夫妇教育匹配异质婚中"男高女低"的占比逐渐下降,而教育匹配的同质性则呈现逐步上升的趋势;受教育程度越高的适婚人群更倾向于选择与自己受教育程度趋近的配偶,因此,女性在择偶过程中选择比自己受教育程度高的配偶的可能性和倾向性也越来越小;另一方面,我国教育获得的区域发展、城乡发展都不均衡,一些地区尚存在性别差异,而同质婚的增加和异质婚"男高女低"婚配模式的减少使得受教育程度较低的人群难以通过婚姻实现社会流动,特别是受教育程度较低的农村男性可能在择偶时面临更为严峻的困境。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper aims to examine trends in age difference and educational assortative mating offirst-married spouses aged 18~59 years old in China from 1975 to the present,using data from 2014 Fami-ly Dynamics Survey of China organized by National Health and Family Planning Commission of China. Theresults reveal the traditional marriage patterns of"wives marrying elder husbands"is still the main trend inage-assortative mating of first-married spouses,ranging from"husbands 1 year younger than their wives"to"husbands 4 years older than their wives",while the mean value of average age difference(absolute val-ue) of first-married spouses is on the rise both in rural and urban areas. And the more educated thefirst-married spouses are,the more likely they will find their mates of a similar age. In regarding to educa-tional assortative,educational homogamy and educational heterogamy of"wives marrying husbands with ahigher education level"are main educational assortative mating patterns of first-married spouses. Due tothe popularization of education and higher education,as well as the promotion of women’s economic,socialstatus and progress in gender equality,women’s education level has been continuously improved,whichsteadily narrows the gap of education between men and women. Thus the educational heterogamy patternsof"wives marrying husbands with a higher education level"gradually declines,while the patterns of educa-tional homogamy increase,i.e.,first-married spouses’ education has become increasingly similar. The re-sults also indicate the more educated spouses are more likely to marry those of a similar educational level.However,the possibility and preference of women to choose their mates of a higher educational attainmentis getting smaller and smaller. On the other hand,the access to education is imbalanced in urban and ruralareas,and among regions,among which there also exist gender disparity in education. The increase of edu-cational homogamy and the decrease of educational heterogamy patterns of"wives marrying husbands witha higher education level"make it more difficult for the less educated people to realize social mobilitythrough marriage. In particular,rural males with lower educational level may face severe difficulties inchoosing a mate.更多还原