For half a century we have established with considerable precision the Earth's heat flow to be(47±2) TW. However, it remains under debate what fraction of this power comes from Earth's primordial heat and what fraction comes from the radiogenic heat. This debate comes from the uncertainties on the composition of the Earth, the question of chemical layering in the mantle, the nature of mantle convection, the energy required to drive plate tectonics, and the power source of the geodynamo. The surface heat flu...