【摘要】 马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)在维系我国粮食安全过程中起着至关重要的作用,然而当前生产中过度依赖化学肥料和农药,不仅导致资源浪费和生产成本增加,而且引发耕地肥力下降、土壤生态退化、农田面源污染、肥药残留超标等严重的生态环境和食品安全问题,致使马铃薯产业的可持续发展受到限制.针对我国马铃薯种植中化肥农药使用的现状,本文详细剖析了肥药使用过量、利用率低下的原因,介绍了国内外减施增效技术的研究进展和发展趋势,并借鉴先进国家的有益经验,提出了加快制定肥药限量国家标准、研发肥料农药高效利用及替代技术、研制智能精准控施机械以及开展区域性技术集成研究等具体应对策略和产业发展建议.更多还原

【Abstract】 Under the pressures from growing population,arable land diminishment,yield limitation of major grain crops,global climatic change,etc,there is a latent crisis in Chinese food security.Potato,as the fourth major crop,plays a vital role in alleviating food problem considering its great nutritive value,high yield and adaptability.Chemical fertilizers and pesticides(CFPs)are implicated in ensuring stable and high yields of potato.Therefore,CFPs were intensively used for boosting up the yield;however,the use intensity of CFPs exceeds the international recognized standard,resulting in negative impacts on environment quality,agri-ecosystem,land productivity and tuber production cost.Consequently,those obstacles mentioned above jeopardized the sustainability of potato industry.In order to solve the dilemma,this article focuses on the analysis of the major reasons for abuse of CFPs,and further identified that the excessive consumption could be attributed to high application intensity,low utilization efficiency and lack of scientific application methods.Furthermore,this article introduces the technological advances and future trends in chemical fertilizer and pesticide reductions(CFPR)of developed countries.Based on the successful CFPR experiences abroad,the article also provides some development strategies for Chinese potato CFPR.(1)Promote legislation curbing application rate of potato CFPs.Several research projects were initiated to investigate the scientific standard of application amount for CFPs.Once the scientific standards were set,they could be gradually legislated into agricultural laws to stipulate the use of CFPs nationwide.(2)Promote the innovation on high-efficient application technology and encourage the use of green alternatives to chemical controls.Efforts on scientific research and education should be strengthen to speed up the innovation/application of advanced CFPR techniques.In addition,recognized reduction techniques abroad could be transferred to improve our application practices in pursuit of chemical contamination decreases.Some chemical fertilizers could be replaced by organic fertilizer,or they could be used in combination with organic fertilizers to enhance use efficiency.Chemical pesticides,to some extent,could be substituted by efficient,low toxicity/residue pesticides,and green prevention techniques could be employed to avoid pesticide abuse.(3)Promote the invention/improvement of intelligent agro-equipment with precision application capabilities.Unlike developed countries,the majority of Chinese potato production entities is still dispersible,small-scale,traditional family farms.Hence,modern fertilizer/pesticide machinery including deep fertilization and accurate spaying should be developed accordingly to meet specific needs of Chinese farmers.However,in the large-scale and intensive potato-growing area of north China,it is reasonable for the large potato enterprise and cooperatives to introduce advanced equipment and management system overseas.(4)Integration of multiple CR technologies to meet diverse regional needs.Combined with traditional reduction techniques such as soil testing,formulated fertilization,drip-fertigation and integrated pest-control,newly developed reduction technology could be integrated into regional"Potato Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticide Reduction"technique systems according to the diverse ecological,climatic and cultivating factors.Through demonstration zones and potato-grower trainings,popularization of reduction techniques would benefit the potato-growing farmers and cooperatives,which would significantly reduce the use of CFPs in China.更多还原