【摘要】 在含有定向排列裂缝组的多孔岩石地层中,特别是碳酸盐岩储集层,弹性波的传播和衰减,因受诸如裂缝闭合、尺寸、及其填充的流体和走向等因素影响,具有各向异性特征。在本次研究中,我们采用了基于Chapman等效介质模型,利用数值实验方法研究了这类储层中P波传播特性诸如速度、衰减和横波分裂等各向异性随频率和方位的变化规律。模拟结果表明,当一组裂缝闭合与张开时随方位变化的速度、衰减和各向异性是有所不同的。随方位变化衰减最小值或P波速度最大值与张开裂缝的走向趋于一致,闭合裂缝的P波速度大于张开裂缝,而衰减和各向异性则张开裂缝的大于闭合裂缝;不同尺度裂缝,速度的最大值和衰减最小值与裂缝组平均方位对应,小尺度裂缝对波的传播有小的影响,方位依赖的各向异性相比其他裂缝属性有更小的影响;裂缝密度对P波速度、衰减和各向异性有更大的影响,而衰减比速度和各向异性更敏感裂缝尺寸;在地震勘探频段油、气饱和的衰减与盐水饱和不同,充填油和气随方位变化值比较低。两组裂缝有相同的密度,快横波偏振方位线性的决定于一组裂缝的方位。更多还原

【Abstract】 Elastic wave propagation and attenuation in porous rock layers with oriented sets of fractures, especially in carbonate reservoirs, are anisotropic owing to fracture sealing, fracture size, fracture density, filling fluid, and fracture strike orientation. To address this problem, we adopt the Chapman effective medium model and carry out numerical experiments to assess the variation in P-wave velocity and attenuation, and the shear-wave splitting anisotropy with the frequency and azimuth of the incident wave. The results suggest that velocity, attenuation, and anisotropy vary as function of azimuth and frequency. The azimuths of the minimum attenuation and maximum P-wave velocity are nearly coincident with the average strike of the two sets of open fractures. P-wave velocity is greater in sealed fractures than open fractures, whereas the attenuation of energy and anisotropy is stronger in open fractures than sealed fractures. For fractures of different sizes, the maximum velocity together with the minimum attenuation correspond to the average orientation of the fracture sets. Small fractures affect the wave propagation less. Azimuth-dependent anisotropy is low and varies more than the other attributes. Fracture density strongly affects the P-wave velocity, attenuation, and shear-wave anisotropy. The attenuation is more sensitive to the variation of fracture size than that of velocity and anisotropy. In the seismic frequency band, the effect of oil and gas saturation on attenuation is very different from that for brine saturation and varies weakly over azimuth. It is demonstrated that for two sets of fractures with the same density, the fast shear-wave polarization angle is almost linearly related with the orientation of one of the fracture sets.更多还原