【摘要】 令旗令牌,合称为旗牌,乃是一种权力凭证,持有者在敕书规定的权限内有一定便宜处置权力。旗牌象征皇命,请用时有一定的仪式,故称恭请王命。旗牌有固定的型制,由工部制作,兵部钤盖印信,有严格的发放、回缴与使用管理制度。明初旗牌授予带兵将领,以便于调动指挥军队,自宣德以后逐渐制度化。明英宗时开始授予文臣,此后太监及部分巡抚经过申请也可以授予,旗牌应用则不仅仅局限于军事,涉及到行政与司法。旗牌持有者可以在战场上处死逃兵或叛将,征调地方人力物力,拥有一定便宜行事权力,在政治、军事、司法等方面发挥重要作用,也存在着许多弊端。更多还原

【Abstract】 Flag and Plate were used by Emperors as their empowerment vouchers in imperial China. These vouchers were usually made by the Ministry of Works, officially sealed by the Ministry of War, and subject to returning when the related missions were accomplished. In the beginning of Ming Dynasty, these vouchers were occasionally provided to military commanders. By the period of Emperor Xuande, this practice became regulated. In the period of Emperor Zhengtong, these vouchers were sometimes granted to the civilian officials and later even to some eunuchs and governors for particular usages not limited to military needs. The voucher holders were commonly granted power of execution of the deserters or traitorous generals and the power of requisition of supplies and human resources. In certain functions, this system also had some disadvantages.更多还原