【摘要】 危机矿产研究是一个世界性热点课题。美国于1939年正式立法提出危机矿产概念。危机矿产与战略矿产相互关联,又有所区别。危机矿产可能是、也可能不是战略矿产;但战略矿产必然是危机矿产。危机矿产的一个重要特点是国内产量不能满足自身需求,进口依赖程度较高,可替代性低。美国危机矿产界定评估方法研究是一项以应用性为主的工作,从事研究的大多是政府机构。美国国家科学研究委员会和美国能源部的研究,美国科学技术理事会和美国白宫科学技术政策局的研究,代表着两种主要的危机矿产界定评估研究方法。通过界定评估,动态确定危机矿产矿种名录。在此基础上,美国制定了相应的危机矿产产业政策。美国危机矿产研究实践提示我们,在中国开展危机矿产研究具有重大现实意义,但需要结合中国实际,不可照搬美国模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 The research of critical minerals is an important issue in the world. The United States posed the concept of critical minerals through formal legislation in 1939. Critical minerals are not only associated with strategic minerals,but also distinctive from the latter. The critical minerals may or may not be strategic,while the strategic minerals are always critical. Critical minerals are those that have high dependence on foreign imports for minerals and refined products and low substitutability. The research of definition and assessment methods of US critical minerals is application oriented,so most of research entities come from the government institutions,including US National Research Council(NRC),US Department of Energy(DOE),US National Science and Technology Council(NSTC)and US Office of Science and Technology Policy(OSTP)of White House. All those show us two main methodologies for definition and assessment of critical minerals. By definition and assessment,ensure the directories of critical mineral types dynamically. Based on this,the United States formulates the corresponding industrial policy for critical minerals. The practice of research of US critical minerals reminds us that developing the research of critical minerals in China has significant practical significance,while we should abide by the practice of China and should not copy the US pattern.更多还原