【摘要】 本文对新郑市天利两周墓地居民的牙齿磨耗及口腔疾病进行了统计和分析,试图从古病理学的角度揭示当时居民的食物构成、饮食行为习惯及社会经济生活方式等。研究显示,天利两周墓地居民除了在牙釉质发育不良方面存在显著的两性差异,即男性明显高于女性外,在牙齿磨耗水平、牙齿生前脱落和龋病的患齿率上虽不存在明显的两性差异,但均表现为女性略高于男性。同时,与先秦时期不同地区、不同经济形态的古代居民相比,天利居民在前部牙齿,尤其是上颌前部的牙齿上表现出了较后部牙齿更为严重的磨耗。产生这些现象的原因一方面是天利墓地地处中原地区,旱作农业的谷类食物成为居民的主要食物来源,女性在牙齿生前脱落和龋病的患齿率及牙齿磨耗程度上略高于男性,说明两性在食物结构大致相同的情况下还存在少许差异,不同的劳动分工使得男性可能获得更多的动物性蛋白质和脂肪;对相关骨骼进行的稳定同位素分析显示,男性应该获取了比谷类食物更多的肉食,相对的,女性食物结构中的谷类比重则较大。另一方面,男性在牙釉质发育不良的患齿率上明显高于女性,说明该墓地的男性居民(尤其在幼年时期)普遍具有高于女性的生存压力;在牙釉质硬度降低、多用前部牙齿做工具使用及与女性相比,获取较多肉食的情况下,天利墓地男性居民相对于其他地区较明显的前部牙齿磨耗。更多还原

【Abstract】 Dental attrition and oral health（caries, ante mortrm tooth loss（AMTL）, and enamel hypoplasia） were analyzed in human remains from Tianli cemetery, Xinzheng（ca.8th⁵th century B.C.）. The aim of this study was to reveal dietary structure and eating habits among the Tianli population and the Zhou Dynasty urban economy in Central China.Tianli cemetery of the Zhou Period is located in the Lihe Town, Xinzheng City, Henan Province and it is the great empire cemetery in good condition outside the Zheng-Han City Ruins. 313 Zhou Tombs have been cleared in the cemetery, which age range is from the late West Zhou to the late Warring-States Period. Lots of human teeth unearthed in this cemetery were the important materials explored diet and eating habits in a population practicing dry land agriculture by bioarchaeologists.Only teeth with determined sex were examined. Sex and age at death were determined using standard methods.1302 teeth belong to 80 human skeletons, which contains 51 males（869 teeth） and 29 females（433 teeth）.Dental attrition degree were recorded on a scale of 1⁸, using the scoring system of Smith. Sex differences and the differences between upper and lower jaws in the same sex were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test, using SPSS19, with the level of significance set at P<0. 05. Caries, ante mortrm tooth loss（AMTL）, and enamel hypoplasia were observed. Sex differences in the same dental disease were analyzed with the Chi-squared（X²） test, with the level of significance set at P<0. 05.Dental attrition on the upper anterior teeth（I1, I2, C） and posterior teeth（ P2, M1） in males were heavier than on the lower. Conversely, dental attrition on the lower anterior teeth（I1,I2） and posterior teeth（M1,M2,M3） in females were heavier than on the upper. The differences of dental attrition between upper and lower jaws in the same sex were not significant. Dental attrition of every tooth type in females was heavier than in males. Sex difference of dental attrition was not significant. The dental attrition ratioes between the anterior and posterior teeth on the upper and lower jaw in Tianli group were larger among the Pre-Qin groups. There were signigicant differences about frequencies of teeth affected by enamel hypoplasia between males and females on the upper（P = 0. 0000）and lower（P = 0. 0132）. The frequency of teeth affected by enamel hypoplasia in males was apparently higher than in females. The frequency of teeth affected by AMTL on the upper jaw in females was higher than in males. Only the frequency of anterior teeth affected by AMTL on the lower jaw in males was higher than in females. Caries usually occurred on premolars and molars of the maxillary and molars of the mandible in females. And caries were often present on premolars of the maxillary and molars of the mandible in males. The difference of frequencies on teeth affected by caries between males and females was not significant.Among hard food, brygmus, strong tooth brushing and carbonated drinks et al., acidic foods is most closely related to dental attrition. There is also a closer relation of hard food to dental attrition. Chipping usually occurred on anterior teeth in Tianli group. Poor nutrition of teeth or enamel hypoplasia would decrease hardness of enamel and accelerate teeth wear.The Tianli bones for their abundances of the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen（carbon 13 and nitrogen15） have not been analyzed so far, but the bones from other two cemeteries inside ancient Xinzheng City have been analyzed. Analysis results showed that the δ¹³C values of males and females were not significantly different and there was significant difference in their δ¹⁵N values. Stable isotope analysis using the other remaining human skeletal samples in Xinzheng suggested that males might have had slightly more meat than females.The frequencies of teeth affected by AMTL and caries of females were both just above the frequencies of males,which agreed well with heavier dental attrition in females than in males in Tianli group. The frequency of teeth affected by enamel hypoplasia in males was rather obviously higher than in females and enamel hypoplasia usually appeared in male anterior teeth. If enamel hypoplasia had decreased hardness of enamel, in which case chewing more meat compared with females would accelerate male teeth wear, particularly male anterior teeth wear.The results of this study indicate that males exhibited much greater frequency of enamel hypoplasia than females. In contrast females suffered more from caries, AMTL, and tooth wear than males. Heavy wear on the upper anterior teeth is remarkable when compared to other regions and other subsistence strategies in Pre-Qin China. Higher frequencies of oral health marker for females than males suggest that diet followed gender division, with more cereals in the diet of females.Stable isotope analyses from other human skeletal samples in Xinzheng suggest males might have had more access to meat than females. Furthermore, the much higher frequencies of enamel hypoplasia in males suggest that males（especially in childhood） generally were exposed to more stress than females. In addition, heavy wear on the anterior teeth at Tianli,especially in males may be related teeth reduced in strength by enamel hypoplasia, eating more meat compared with females,and/or frequent use of teeth as a third hand.更多还原