Physical and chemical gradients have been demonstrated as two effective cues to remarkably affect axonal differentiation and growth.A great effort has been made in generating various kinds of physical or chemical gradients,but there are very few researches regarding formation of nanoparticles(NPs)based physical gradient or physical-chemical dual gradient for studying axonal response.Here,we established an AuNPs density gradient and physical-chemical dual gradients to study axonal guidance and growth of hipp...