【摘要】 和平问题是古典自然法传统要处理的基本问题,康德从先验哲学和目的论的立场继承和改造了这一问题的处理方式,并在《论永久和平》一书中提出了六条临时性条款和三条确定条款,将共和制、自由国家联盟和世界公民法权作为人类迈向永久和平这一理想目标的必要条件。然而,在永久和平的保障问题上却存在着争议,即这一保障可以由自然机械作用独自提供,从而完全独立于道德性动机,抑或这一保障离不开人类意志的自由运用和道德义务。亨利·阿里森认为,康德所说的永久和平的自然保障是可以完全独立于道德性动机或义务动机的。保罗·盖耶则主张,康德意义上的人类自然史是与和平的实现相容的,但是,要实现和平的目标,对于人类意志的某种自由的、道德性动机的运用却必不可少。艾伦·伍德区分了康德历史哲学中的理论性论点和实践性论点,在他看来,康德的理论式历史哲学对于达成永久和平理想所能够提供的只是某种启发式的理由,仅仅凭借这些理由,并不足以在理论上真正保障永久和平的实现,因此康德才会求助于道德义务。本文认为,第一,康德所设想的和平首先是法权意义上的和平,而法权和平的保障必然是一项道德课题,与此同时,这项体现道德义务的道德课题与自然机械作用是可以相容的。其次,康德讨论永久和平及其保障的出发点是与其整个批判哲学的反基础主义的建构性特质相一致的,而指向公共理性的公开性原则在很大程度上构成了最低限度的道德义务运用的原则及策略,并以此协调普遍性和个体性。就此而言,自然、道德义务和理性的公开性在不同意义上构成了康德永久和平的三重保障。更多还原

【Abstract】 Peace is a basic problem for the classical natural law theory. Kant had transformed the way of dealing with the problem from his theory of transcendental philosophy and teleology. He put forward six preliminary articles and three definitive articles for perpetual peace,and took republican constitution,federalism of free states and cosmopolitan right as necessary prerequisites for the ideal goal of perpetual peace. There is,however,a controversy on the guarantee of perpetual peace: this guarantee can be provided by mechanism of nature alone,completely independent of moral motivation,or it depends on the free practice of human will and moral obligation? Henry Allison considered that nature’s guarantee of perpetual peace in the context of Kant could be completely independent from the moral motivation or obligations. Paul Guyer insisted on the compatibility between the natural process of human beings and the realization of peace,but the goal of peace can be achieved only by a free and morally motivated exercise of human will. In the view of Allen Wood,theoretical thesis and practical thesis in Kant’s philosophy of history should be separated,and Kant’s theoretical philosophy of history can only provide some heuristic reasons for achieving the ideal of perpetual peace,and these heuristic reasons by themselves provide us with no genuine theoretical guarantee at all. As a consequence,Kant fell back on the moral duty. This article suggests,first,the peace in Kant’s vision is the peace in the sense of right,and the guarantee of such peace must be a problema morale. Meanwhile,this problema morale that embodies moral duty can be compatible with the mechanism of nature. Second,the starting point of Kant’s discussion of perpetual and its guarantee is consistent with the constructive characteristic of anti-foundationalism of his whole critical philosophy. To a large extent,the principle of publicity referring to public reason constitutes the principle and strategy for the minimum use of moral obligation,and coordinates the universality and individuality. For that matter,nature,moral obligation, and public reason constitute triple guarantees of Kant’s perpetual peace in different meanings.更多还原